Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Definition of TM
A substance produced or induced by tumor cells and
released into blood , body fluids or expressed on cell
surface , that can be used to differentiate a tumor
from normal tissue or to determine the presence of a
tumor.
Few markers are specific for a single individual
tumor
(tumor-specific markers )
Most are found with different tumors of the same
tissue type
(tumor-associated markers )
Classification of TM
Potential uses of TM
Cancer
Mammography
Breast
Sigmoidoscopy
CRCA
PAP
Cervical
VMA
Neuroblastoma
AFP
HCC
PSA
Prostate
CA 125
Ovarian
Predictive Markers
ER and PR: For predicting response to
hormone therapy in breast cancer
HER-2: For predicting response to
trastuzumab (Herceptin) in breast cancer
Disease Management
cancer
Liver
Aldolase
Pancreatic
Amylase
Alp
CK-BB
LDH
Liver
GGT
Prostate
PSA&PAP
breast
Elastase
Hormones
TM
cancer
ACTH
ADH
PTH
Medullary thyroid
Calcitonin
Glucagonoma
Gastrin
GH
choriocarcinoma
hCG
Prolactin
cancer
HCC, germ cell carcinoma
AFP
CEA
Liver
Carcinofetal
ferritin
Squamous cell Ag
Carbohydrate markers:
Either are antigens on the tumor cell surface or are
secreted by the tumor cells
They are high molecular weight mucins or blood
group antigens
cancer
TM
Ovarian , endometrial
CA 125
Breast , ovarian
CA 15-3
CA 19-9
CA 19-5
CA 50
Proteins TM
TM
cancer
MM ,B-cell lymphoma ,CLL
B2-microglobulin
Insulinoma
C-peptide
Ferritin
MM , lymphomas
immunoglobulin
Nature
TM
Breast
Tissue
Estrogen &
progesterone receptors
Nuroblastoma ,
phyochromocytoma
Catecholamine
metabolites
Bone metastasis
(breast) , MM
Urine
Hydroxypoline
Genetic Markers
1.
function
oncogen
N-ras mutation
Leukemia,
lymphoma
Signal transduction
K-ras mutation
Leukemia,
lymphoma
Blocks apoptosis
bcl-2
Suppressor genes. 2
.Genes involved in the recognition and repair of damaged DNA
The loss of function of this genes cause inability of DNA repair
.and lead to tumor formation ( mostly solid tumors )
The oncogenicity is derived from the loss of the gene rather than
.activation
gene
P53
MUTATION
Breast , melanoma
BRCA1
MUTATION
Breast
BRCA2
MUTATION
RET
On cell
Cytochemistry, Flow cytometry
On tissue
Histochemistry, Cytosol assays
In body fluids
Blood, urine, CSF, Amniotic fluid
Thank you