Lecture 1

R EIN FO R C ED C O N C R ETE (I)

D R : S A M Y A K IL FA W Z Y

Lecture 1:
Introduction :
Concrete Structures :
1-Buidings
2-Tanks
3-Bridges
4-Tunnels
5-Silos
6-Sheds & Halls
7-Towers
8-Airports
9-Dams
10-Retaining walls.

Building Types
1-Skelton Type: The loads
are transferred from the
Slabs to beams and the
columns carry the beams.
The loads from the columns
are carried by the reinforced
Footings.
2-Wall Bearing Type:
The old building type were the loads of the slabs are carried by
beams
Which are above each wall, and the loads of the beams are
transferred to the bearing wall below(not less than 1 brick) to the
footing below either reinforced strip footing or plain concrete strip
footing.
Slab
R.C Beam
Wall

Footing

Not less than 250

mm
The Wall bearing type ,the bricks
starts at the strip footings or R.C.
smelles with a thickness not less
than 520 mm (2 bricks) and
decreases in thickness as we go
upward so that the final thickness of
the wall bearing wont be less than
250 mm (1 brick).
When the wall carry more slabs the
downward thickness of the wall will
depend on the loads above but wont
be less than 520mm as mentioned
Not less than 520 mm before.

Skelton Type:
The Skelton type building consist of concrete elements
such as:
1-Slab & Stairs
As Solid slab ,Hollow block ,Flat slab ,Paneled beam
precast slab ,Hollow core slab ,Double Tee.
2-Beams
Either cast insitu or Precast beams and can be used a
steel joist instead of the concrete beam.
3-Columns
Columns can be of different shapes and sizes.
4-Walls
Walls can be shear walls or wall cores
5-Smelles
It is used to tie the whole building to act together if
differential settlement might occur to the soil and also
it can be used in an upper level to carry walls as to
decrease the height of bricks in the ground level.
6-Footings
Footings as isolated , combined ,strap, strip, piles ,
casions.
7-Retaining walls.

Concrete producing materials:

Concrete: is a word of Latin derivation ( con together )
( crete to grow ) and its history can be charted from 5000 BC.

Concrete producing materials

1-Cement

2-Water and Air

a-Water

B-Entered Air

C-Water/Cement ratio

3-Aggregates

2- Source:
a- Natural aggregate: The natural sands and gravels are
the product of weathering and the action of running
water, while the stone sands and crushed stones are
reduced from natural rock by crushing and screening of
quarried material.
b- Artificial aggregate: are usually produced for some
special purposes, for example: burned expanded clay
aggregate for making lightweight concrete.
Some artificial aggregates are a by-product of industrial
process such as blast furnace slag.
3- Unit weight:
a- Normal weight aggregate: It is usually the natural
aggregate for which the unit weight is between (1500
to1800) kg/m3.

b- Lightweight aggregate: It can be artificial or natural.

The artificial lightweight aggregates are produced as both
coarse and fine materials. They have a lower density due
to increase in porosity which results in an overall lowering
of the concrete strength ceiling.
Lightweight aggregates are not as dense as normal
weight aggregates ( unit weight less than 1000 kg/m3)
and because their elastic modulus is lower, produce
concrete with a lower elastic modulus and a higher creep
and shrinkage. Lightweight aggregates can be of natural
sources such as Pumic ( a volcanic rock).
c- Heavyweight aggregate: Where concrete of a high
density is required, in radiation shielding for example,
heavyweight aggregates can be used. The unit weight can
be larger than 1800 kg/m3. Concrete densities of 35004500 kg/m3 are obtained by using Barytes (a barium
sulphate ore). Even greater concrete densities are

4-Admixtures:
They are chemicals that can be added to the concrete immediately
before or during mixing and significantly change its fresh, early age or
hardened state to economic or physical advantage.

Concrete Compressive Test.

 . fcu
28
%5 .
.
150150x150x
28 %5
.

Concrete tension Test

Concrete bending test

unreinforced
concrete beam

fr

Tensile Test for steel

reinforcement


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Assignment (1)