Albert Einstein returned to the idea that

light existed as particles. He proposed that

light could be described as quanta of
energy that behave as if they were
particles. Light quanta are called
photons.

While it was difficult for scientists to

believe (they can be stubborn) it did
explain the photoelectric effect (previously
a mystery)
1

Atoms and Light

The movement of electrons inside of
atoms produces light and other
electromagnetic radiation.
Sunlight produces every color in the
rainbow but
Each element gives off only certain
frequencies of light, called spectral
lines. In effect each element has its
own signature of spectral lines
allowing us to identify which element
we have or what stars are made of.
2

Light Phenomenon
Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
believed light consisted of
particles
By 1900 most scientists
believed that light behaved as
a wave.
3

Properties of Light
The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum

represents the range of energy from
low energy, low frequency radio
waves with long wavelengths up to
high energy, high frequency gamma
waves with small wavelengths.

Visible light is a small portion of

this spectrum. This is the only
part of this energy range that our
eyes can detect. What we see is
a rainbow of colors.
RedOrangeYellowGreenBlueIndigoViolet
ROY G BIV

Light as an electromagnetic
wave
Light is a transverse wave,
an electromagnetic wave

Properties of light
1) Rectilinear motion
2)Reflection
3)Refraction
4)diffraction
5)Interference
6)Dispersion
7)Polarisation

Rectilinear motion of light

Light travels in straight lines:

Laser

Velocity of Light
Velocity of light is different in different medium
Denser the medium, lesser the velocity of light
Velocity of light is maximum in vacuum i.e. 3 x
108 m/sec
Velocity of the light is given by the relation

C = n
where c= velocity of light
n= frequency of wave
= wavelength of wave
When light is travelling from one medium to the
another medium, its
velocity changes due to change of wavelength
but frequency does not
10
change

Reflection of light

11

Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara

Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

12

Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara

Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

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Law of Reflection
Normal line
perpendicular to the
mirror surface
Angle of incidence
angle between
incident ray and
normal

Slide 14

Angle of reflection
angle between
reflected ray and
normal

Law of Reflection Animation

i r

Slide 15

Diffuse Reflection

Slide 16

Diffuse Reflection

Slide 17

Reflection & Refraction of Light

18

this case, is
called the
first
Willebrord
Snell
discovered the law of refraction
medium,
ortermed Snell's law.
which
is now
medium 1.
The angle of
incidence is
named with the
Greek letter
theta, and, since
it is in medium 1,
is called theta1.
The refracted
medium, water in
this case, is
called the second
medium, or
medium 2.
The angle of
19
refraction, again

Refraction is
responsible for image
formation by lenses
and the eye

20

A ray of white light passing through a prism

gets splits into different colours because the
deviation is more for violet and less for red.
This phenomenon is known as dispersion.

The refractive index of

a medium is different
for light rays of
different wavelengths.
Larger the
wavelengths, the
lesser is the refractive
Thisindex.
phenomenon arises due to the fact that refractive
index
with
wavelength. It has been observed for
i.e.varies
mred
< mviolet
a prism 1red
that >
decreases with the increase of
because
wavelength, i.e.
1violet
mviolet > mred
21

22

Dispersion of light

23

TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

24

A fiber optic is a glass "hair" which is so thin

that once light enters one end, it can never
strike the inside walls at less than the
critical angle.
The light undergoes total internal reflection
each time it strikes the wall.
Only when it reaches the other end is it
allowed to exit the fiber.
Fiber optic cables are used to carry
telephone and computer communications

Mirage is an optical illusion, which occurs

usually
in deserts on hot summer days.
On such a day, temperature of air near the earth is
maximum and hence is rarer or lighter.
The upper layers of air, which are relatively cool,
are denser.
A ray of light from the top of a tree travels from
denser to rarer and bend away from the normal.
At a particular layer, if the angle of incidence is
greater than 'c', total internal reflection occurs. To
far away observer, this ray i.e., AE appears to be
coming from I i.e., mirror image of O.
Thus inverted image of tree creates an
optical illusion of reflection from a pond of water.
25

Total Internal Reflection

Summary
The maximum angle of refraction is 90
The incident angle at which this occurs is called the critical angle.
At and beyond the critical angle no refraction happens, just
internal reflection.
The critical angle for glass is around 42.
Total internal reflection is used in optical fibres to transmit pulses
of light.
Optical fibres can carry much more information than copper
wires.
Periscopes use total internal reflection to look over things.
Binoculars use total internal reflection to shorten their length.

26

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT
Diffraction is the slight bending of light as it
passes around the edge of an object. The
amount of bending depends on the relative size
of the wavelength of light to the size of the
opening

SUB: ENGINEERING PHYSICS(GROUP-1)

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

TOPIC:

SUB: ENGINEERING PHYSICS(GROUP-1)

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

TOPIC:

SUB: ENGINEERING PHYSICS(GROUP-1)

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

TOPIC:

SUB: ENGINEERING PHYSICS(GROUP-1)

DIFFRACTION OF LIGHT

TOPIC:

Interference

Concepts:
Light travels in waves.
Sometimes, two or more waves join together.
Interference is the addition, or coming together, of several
waves.
Constructive Interference happens when two or more
waves come together to form a larger and stronger wave,
Principles:
matching
crestsproperties,
and troughs.
Since
lighttheir
has wave
it will experience
interference
Destructive Interference is when two or more waves come
together
andofcancel
each
other
out to make
a weaker
(the
addition
waves).
This
interference
is like
that seen
wave.
with
water waves.
Whether you get constructive or destructive interference
depends on the
wavelength (color) of the light.
White light is made up of many colors. These different colors
have different
wavelengths.
We can see the many colors of light on bubbles.
The separation of white light into many colors on a bubble
happens because
31
of interference.

32

Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara

Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

33

Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara

Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

34

Polarization Hint
Light vibrates in all directions.
A polarizing filter acts like a
picket fence. It only lets certain
direction vibrations pass through
it.
Therefore, if you pass light
through two of them you can
completely block the light from
passing through.
35
Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara
HOW?
Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

Polarization of light

Resolved into its y and z-compo

though a polarizing sheet
The sum of the y-components
ed to pass only the y-component
z components are equal
36
Prepared by: Mrs. Prabha Modi & Mrs. Sonal Pujara
Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology(DS)

I0
I Ey 2
E y E cos

I 2 I1 cos 2

I1

I0
2
37

Polarization

38

Fundamentals of Optics
REFLECTION
Mirror
i
r

REFRACTION

IMAGING

Refractive index boundary

Imaging Lens
ho

1
n1

n2

F
O

hI

r=i

DIFFRACTION

Snells Law

1 1 1

s s f

n1sin1=n2sin2

INTERFERENCE

Linear polarised

screen

Finite no. of waves

Elliptically polarised
b

cos( )
cos(t )
sin( )

E E0

double-slits

s
s

POLARISATION
a

Continuum
of waves
)

s
f

Aperture

beam spread

cos(t )

2 cos(t / 4)

E0

EM-theory
39

Nanotechnology

A Brief Overview

What is Nanotech?

NanoTechnology Art and science of manipulating atoms

and molecules to create new systems, materials, and
devices.
Nanomeasurement Size
Nanomanipulation Building from the bottom up.

41

Size Matters
How Big is a Nano?

Nano = 1 billionth;100,000
xs smaller than the
diameter of a human hair.

Examples of Nanoscale

42

A cubic micron of water

contains about 90 billion
atoms. A micron is one
thousandth of a millimeter,
and a thousand times
larger than a nanometer.
Another way to visualize a
nanometer:
1 inch = 25,400,000
nanometers

Applied Nanotechnology
Examples of Current Research and
Applications
Materials Science

43

Powders, Coatings, Carbon Nano-Materials,

C-NanoFabrics

Energy

Solar Power and PhotoVoltaics, Hydrogen Fuel

Cells, LED White Light

Medicine/Biotech

Genomics, Proteomics, Lab on a Chip,

C-Nanotubes,BuckyBalls

Electronics

MRAM, NRAM, Q-Dots, Q-Bits

Devices

Lithography, Dip Pen Lithography, AFM, MEMS

Disruptive Apps - Materials

Fiber that is stronger than spider web
Metal 100 xs stronger than steel, 1/6 weight
Catalysts that respond more quickly and to more agents
Plastics that conduct electricity
Coatings that are nearly frictionless (Shipping Industry)
Materials that change color and transparency on demand.
Materials that are self repairing, self cleaning, and never need
repainting.
Nanoscale powders that are five times as light as plastic but provide
the same radiation protection as metal.

44

Disruptive Apps - Energy

Fuel cell technology becomes cost
effective within 3 years.
Batteries that store more energy and are
much more efficient
Plastics and paints that will store solar
power and convert to energy for $1 per
watt.

45

Disruptive Apps - Computing

Silicon is hitting its size limit, Moores law
reaches maximum in 2007
SuperChips Combination of Silicon and
Galium Arsenide create wireless chips
Plastic semiconductors manufactured by
regular printing devices cheaply
produced.
Electronic Paper
46

Disruptive Apps Bio Medicine

Cosmetics that can penetrate the skin
Cures for Aids, Cancers, Alzheimer's, Diabetes
Ability to view cells In vivo - Fast Drug Creation
Nanomaterials that can see inside vessels for plaque
buildup
Technology that can re-grow bone and organs
NanoSensors for disease detection 10xs faster and
100,000 xs more accurate
Nanofilters will help create impurity free drugs.

47

Key Terms You Need to

Know
BuckyBalls
Carbon Nanotubes
MEMS
Quantum Dots
Molecular Self
Repair/Assembly
MRAM/Spintronics
Lithography

48

Carbon Nanotubes
4 nm width (smaller
diameter than DNA)
100xs stronger than
steel 1/6 weight
Thermal/electrically
conductive
Metallic and SemiConductive
49

BuckyBalls C

60

Roundest and most

symmetrical molecule
known to man
Compressed becomes
stronger than diamond
Third major form of pure
carbon
Heat resistance and
electrical conductivity
50

Obstacles and Hurdles

Mass Production/Throughput and Cost
Constraints
Funding Requires Long-Term
Investments
Intellectual Property Issues - Patent
Office that is Overwhelmed and UnderQualified
51