Social Variations &

Cultural Differences
(Socio-economic Status)

Socioeconomic Classes during the

Pre-Colonial Period
The community is called a barangay which is headed by a
datu or raja.

1. Maharlika (Leaders and Royals)

first social class

composed of the leaders (datu) and

their families
also called the group of the
maginoo, raha, or gat

Socioeconomic Classes during the

Pre-Colonial Period
2. Timawa (Freemen)

second or middle social class

composed of all freemen living in the barangay
consists of workers, warriors, merchants,
and others who are not under debt
bondage
have their own property like their
own houses and a piece of land to
cultivate

Socioeconomic Classes during the

Pre-Colonial Period
3. Alipin (Slaves)

third class
serve another person or family as payment for debt
became an alipin when their family lose in a war with
another family
can go back to their previous status
as soon as they pay off their debts,
or if they marry a maharlika, who will
then pay for their debt
Types: saguiguilid; namamahay

Socioeconomic Classes during

the Spanish Colonial Period
1. Peninsulares

Spaniards in the Philippines who were born in

Spain
came from peninsula, meaning "came directly
from the Spanish peninsula

2. Insulares

Spaniards who were of Spanish descent but were

born in the Philippines
came from insular, meaning "from the islands"

Socioeconomic Classes during the

Spanish Colonial Period
3. Mestizo
those of mixed ancestry
usually children of Spanish and Chinese couples or of
Spanish and Indio couples
have both economic and political power, coming
from their mixed heritage

4. Indio
consists of the natives
the lowest class in the society
were stripped of their rights and freedom and were
forced to bow down to the Spanish colonizers

Modern Socioeconomic Classes

Social stratification, or the division of society based on
occupation and income, wealth or power
1. High-income Class
people earning an average of P200,000 a month, or
approximately P2.4 million a year
the rich class and accounts for merely one percent of
the countrys total population
2. Middle-income Class
people earning an average of P36,000 per month
consists of professionals and small-scale entrepreneurs

Modern Socioeconomic Classes

3. Low-income Class
people earning less than P10,000 a month
consists of laborers and minimum wage earners
Social mobility
the movement of people or families within or
between different levels in the society
the opportunity to transfer from a lower
socioeconomic class to a higher one
possible through education, or in some cases,
through marriage

Cultural Variations
and Social Differences
(Ethnicity)

Ethnicity refers to a group of people, also called ethnic

group, who have a common or shared culture, language,
history, religion, and tradition.
Examples: Filipinos, Malays, Anglo-Saxons, and
Muslims.
Race refers to a group of people who share the same
physical attributes, such as skin color, height, and facial
features.
People are grouped into different races based on
their physical appearance.
Types
1. Caucasoid; 2. Mongoloid; 3. Negroid.

RACE
PHYSICAL
FEATURES
Skin color
Hair

Caucasoid

Mongoloid

Negroid

Fair

Yellowish

Dark

Light colored; Straight; black

straight or
wavy

Eyes

Round

Others

High nose
bridge

Origin

Americas and

Curly; black

Almondshaped
Low to
medium nose
bridge

Large round

Asia

Africa

Low nose
bridge

Ethnolinguistic Groups
in the Philippines
There are eight major ethnolinguistic groups in the
country:
1. Ilokano,
5. Bikolano
2. Kapampangan,
6. Ilonggo
3. Pangasinense,
7. Cebuano and
4. Tagalog,
8. Waray-waray.
Other smaller ethnolinguistic groups are the Ibanag,
Ivatan, Sambal, Subanon, Maguindanaoan, and
Zambuangueo.

Issues about Race & Ethnicity

Racism -is discrimination or prejudice based on
ones race.
Ethnocentrism -is discrimination or
prejudice based on ones culture
Genocide -is the elimination of a group of people
from the same race, ethnic group, religion
or nation.
Ethnic Cleansing
is the harassment, rape, or forced migration
of an ethnic group to vanish them from a
certain
area or territory.