Professional Documents
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TRANSPOR SEDIMEN
Problems of Sediment
Transport
Impingement of Sediment Particles
damage to bridge abutments by
boulders
huge boulders (up to several tons)
can be set in motion by torrential
flood flows in mountain streams
sand-sized particles damage turbines
and pumps
Sediment in Suspension
fish dont like muddy water
municipal water treatment costs are
related to amount of sediment in the
water
Problems of Sediment
Transport
Flood Plain
Deposits
irrigation ditches
reduce carrying capacity
may bury crops
require extensive
deposition of
maintenance
infertile material
drainage ditches
(like sand) may
raise the water table
reduce fertility
fine sediments are usually
Urban areas may
fertile - increase
receive deposition
vegetation growth on streets,
increase Manning n
railroads, and in
buildings
Problems of Sediment
Transport
channels, waterways, and harbors
requires extensive dredging to maintain navigation
decrease carrying capacity and thus increase flooding
Sediment Load
Mass of sediment carried per unit
time by a channel
Sediment load is carried by two
mechanisms
Bed load: grains roll along the bed with
occasional jumps
primarily course material
Sediment Load
Suspended Load
Sediment suspended by fluid turbulence
Concentration can be substantial in cases of high
flows and fine sediment (up to 60% by weight!)
Vertical distribution
higher concentration near bottom
coarse fractions - concentration decreases rapidly above bed
fine fractions - concentration may be nearly uniform
Suspended Sediment
Equilibrium Profile
Why?
0.8
0.6
Depth/D
0.4
0.2
10
15
sediment concentration
20
Dt
Suspended Sediment
Equilibrium Profile
Bed Load
Dependent on:
J Bq
Decrease in
sediment from
Channel Design:
Identify the Parameters
Channel Geometry
Channel Slope
Cross section
Roughness
Meander
Soil
Grain size
Cohesive/uncohesiv
e
Lining type
Lined
Unlined
Grass
Design Flow
Bank full
Or based on a
recurrence interval
resultant
passes
Grains: usually we mean incoherent sands, gravels,
and silt, but also sometimes we include cohesive
point of support
through
(or
above)
soils (clays) that form larger particles (aggregates)
point of support
Threshold of Movement
Force on particle due to gravity
Force on particle due to shear stress
We expect movement when
o g
2d
3
tan
tan
gd 3
dimensionless parameter
Fg g r 3
3
Fshear or 2
or 2
tan
4
g r 3
3
4
Fg g r 3
3
o gRh S
Force balance
Fshear or 2
0.056
Threshold of movement
F1
Shear Velocity
Bottom shear
u* = shear velocity =
10
(
)
(
)
(
) =0.03 m/s
u* gRh S f
u*
1
1/2
V = R 2/3
S
n h o
1
V =
(1m) 2 / 3 (1 10 - 4 )1/ 2 =0.33m / s
0.03
Application of Shields
Diagram
Find minimum particle size that will be at rest
Often bed is turbulent
0,056
1650 kg/m 3
quartz sediment
Application to Channel
Stability
d 11Rh S
river
max
d 20 Rh S
= max angle of
repose 35
Tractive
force ratio
F2
PENDEKATAN TEGANGAN
GESER
ANGLE OF REPOSE
F3
F4
CONTOH
PERENCANAAN SALURAN STABIL
Saluran berupa galian tanah direncanakan mengalirkan debit
50 m3/s, kemiringan dasar 0,0015. Material dasar mempunyai
gradasi d35 = 15 mm, d40 = 40 mm, d65 = 50 mm, d75 = 55 mm,
d85 = 65 mm, d90 = 70 mm, dan dm = 42 mm.
Rencanakan dimensi penampang saluran stabil, jika = 10-6
m2/s, s = 2,68 t/m3, g = 9,81 m/s2, 65 = 0,7 m/s,
PENYELESAIAN
Ambil kemiringan dinding saluran 1:1,5 ATAN (1/1,5) = 0,667,
sehingga sudut kemiringan tebing = 33 o69
Angle of repose dg dm = 42 mm, dari Grafik F-3 diperoleh = 40o
Sehingga:
= 0,51
Implications
How could you reduce erosion in a
stream?
Decrease slope
Decrease depth (increase width or decrease flow)
Increase particle size
Vertical Stabilizing
Techniques
Aggradation
stabilizing eroding
channels upstream
controlling erosion
on the watershed
installing sediment
traps, ponds, or
debris basins
narrowing the
channel, although a
narrower channel
might require more
Degradation
flow modification
grade control
measures
other approaches
that
dissipate the
meanders
energy
boulders
Surface armor
Armor is a protective
material in direct contact
with the streambank
Stone and other selfadjusting armor (sacks,
blocks, rubble, etc.)
Rigid armor (concrete,
soil cement, grouted
riprap, etc.)
Flexible mattress
(gabions, concrete blocks,
etc.)
Bed Formation
Variety of bed forms are possible
Fr
V
gy
may be 3 dimensional
may vary greatly across a river or in the direction
of flow
roughness
Bed Forms
low velocity, fine sediment
sand wave moves down stream
wavelength less than 15 cm
intermediate between ripples and
dunes
Ripples, Fr << 1
weak boil
boil
Dunes, Fr < 1
Flat bed, Fr = 1
g
Antidunes, Fr >> 1
River Channels
Alluvial soils
river can form its own bed
river will meander in time and space
steep slopes
braided channel
intermediate slopes
riffle pool formation
mild slopes
meandering channel
Meandering Channel
L
rc
B
L
B
7 to 10
flow centerline
scour
rc
2 to 3
surprisingly small variation!
B
River Training
Prevent shifting of river bed!
navigation
want the docks to be on the river!
flood control
want river to be between the levees!
bridges
want bridges to cross the river!
Arkansas
Former
Oxbow
Mississippi
Consequences?
River Training
Current practice - Stabilize in
natural form
bank protection
rip-rap (armoring)
Groins (indirect)
Freeboard and
Superelevation
Freeboard: vertical distance between the
water surface at the design flow and the
top of channel
Rational design could be based on wave
height, risk of flows greater than design flow,
and potential damage from overtopping
Empirical design 0.5 m to 0.9 m
Superelevation at bends
T is top width
2
V
T
rc is radius of curvature of the centerline
hs =
grc
Valid for rc > 3T