Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lecture, YOU should
be able to :
Demonstrate and apply the key techniques of
analysis and design for the chosen
methodology
Appreciate the use of an analytical framework
for the analysis and design process
Document each stage of analysis and design
to the appropriate standards
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
UML
Unified Modeling Language (UML)
for specifying, visualizing, constructing and
documenting artifacts
of software system
business models
non software systems.
UML
UML is important , why?
it shows a blue print of the system
identifies the complexity of the system.
Class Diagrams
Gives an overview of a system by showing
its classes and the relationships among
them.
Are static -- they display what interacts but
not what happens when they do interact.
The diagram identifies the attributes and
operations associated with it
Class diagram
Stages in building a class diagram:
Identify objects and derive classes from
them
class behavior
Class Diagram
. Use the CRC card technique to uncover
responsibilities and collaborations
Class-responsibility-collaboration(CRC)
Sort out the functionality of the class
Class Diagram
Identify relationships between classes, using
association, aggregation and generalization
Class relationships
3 types, why?
Because the objects must collaborate with
each other.
Need to specify how these classes are related
to achieve this collaboration.
What are they?
Association
Aggregation
Generalization
Association
Means, there is a relationship between objects of these
classes.
A relationship between two or more classifiers that involves
connections among their instances.
Symbol : _________
Eg. Student studies a course
Entities student, course
Relationship studies
Type of relationship specified by multiplicity
Eg. One course is studied by many students
Multiplicity no. of objects of each class that may be
connected in this way
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Association
Types of multiplicity:
Multiplicity
Meaning
0..1
Zero or one
Exactly one
*, 0..*
1..*
One or many
2, 3, 24
An exact number
2..4, 8..*
A range
Association
Class Relationships
3 kinds
Association
structural connection between classes
UML Association Notation bidirectional
Association
Association
One-Way Navigation between classes uses arrow head
Named Association
Association
Association
Association Rules state relationship
Aggregation
When one class is made up of several classes
A special form of association that specifies a
whole-part relationship between the aggregate
(whole) and the component part.
part-of, consist-of, is made up of; give clues of
an aggregation relationship
Represented as a diamond in the class diagram
Eg. Car park is made up of card readers.
(Each person who parks has a card to identify the type
of customer, staff/customer parking)
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Aggregation
UML Aggregation Notation
Aggregation
A whole / part relationship
Self-aggregation
Generalization
When one class is a specialization of another
inheritance
A taxonomic relationship between a more general
and a more specific element.
Eg:
a car park has two types of cards; staff card, visitor card.
Both cards have common attributes, that will be stated in
the parent class
Differences will be stated in the child classes
Represented by a triangle
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Generalization
Generalization / inheritance
relationship between a superclass and the subclasses
Class Diagrams
Sequence Diagram
An interaction diagram
How operations are sent?
What messages are sent?
When messages are sent?
Sequence Diagram
Used during requirement elicitation
Refine use case description
Specify event flows in use case
Identify participating objects: including
external actors and internal objects
Assign parts of use case behaviour to
participating objects
Used during system design
Refine subsystem interface
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Sequence Diagram
Formalize behaviour of system
Visualize the communication among
objects (participating objects)
Focus on message exchange as a
result of events created by the actor
Sequence Diagram
Objects interact with each other by
sending messages
Reception
of
message
triggers
execution of an operation in the
receiving object
Arguments may be passed alone with
message and are bound to the
parameter of the executing operation in
the receiving object
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Sequence Diagram
The vertical dashed line is called the objects
Lifeline and represents time. (Lifeline vertical dashed
line)
Sequence Diagram
(Cont)
objects
mary: Guest
324 : Room
Interface to
real-world guest
Knows whether
occupied and available
leaving
occupied
I am vacating
unoccupied
& unclean
fred: Cleaner
Schedules activities
of real-world cleaner
clean me
you are clean
hilton : Hotel
Assigns Guests to Rooms
message
I am available
unoccupied
& clean
return
lifeline
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Activation
Introduction to UML Diagrams
Sequence Diagram
Q&A
CT026-3-1 Systems Analysis and Design
Next Session
Tutorial