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NEUROANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

GROSS NEUROANATOMY
dr. RABIUL PRIYANTONO

Topics of Neuroanatomy:
Central nervous system:
Protection of the brain
Cerebral (Cerebrum)
Brain stem: mid brain, pons and medulla
oblongata
Cerebellar (Cerebellum)
Vascularisation
Ventricle system and CSF

PROTECTION OF THE BRAIN

Structures which protected the brain are:
SCALP: Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurotic
Galea, Loose connective tissue and Pericranium
Skull (cranium)
Meninges
Cerebro-Spinal Fluid

SCALP AND MENINGES

Figure 1. Meninges around the brain.

MENINGES
The meninges are composed of three
membranous connective tissue layers:

Dura mater: though, thick external fibrus layer

Arachnoid mater: thin intermediate layer
Pia mater: delicate internal vasculated layer

Arachnoid mater and pia mater are continous

membranes that collectively make up the
leptomeninx

CEREBRUM (TELENCEPHALON)
The cerebrum has two hemispheres (rigth and
left) which separated by longitudinal fissure.
There are gyry, sulci and fissures on the surface
of cerebral hemisphere.
Each hemisphere has five lobes:

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Insula

CEREBRUM

CEREBRUM

CEREBRUM
Special features on the lateral view of the
cerebrum:
Precentral gyrus the primary motor cortex
Postcentral gyrus the rimary sensory cortex
Superior temporal gyrus the primary auditory
cotex
Occipital pole the primary visual cortex
Triangular part and opercular part of inferior
frontal gyry Brocas speech area
Angular gyrus and suramarginal
gyrusWernickes speech area

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Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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The medial view of cerebrum

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CEREBRUM
Lobes on the medial view of cerebrum:
Frontal lobe cingulate gyrus and paracentral
lobule
Parietal lobe rostrally: frontal lobe, posteriorly:
parieto-occipital fissure
Occipital lobe is divided into cuneus and lingual
gyrus by calcarine sulcus.
Temporal lobe

Functional areas of cerebral cortex

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Body maps in the primary motor cortex and

somatosensory cortex of the cerebrum.

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DIENCEPHALON
The diencephalon is composed of the
epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus,
encloses the 3rd ventricle.
The thalamus a paired egg-shaped group of
brain nuclei, is the gateway to the cerebral
cortex.
The thalamus is a major relay station for sensory
impulses ascending to the sensory cortex and for
impulses from all brain regions that
communicate with the cerebral cortex.

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DIENCEPHALON AND THE BRAIN STEM

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DIENCEPHALON
The hypothalamus, a series of brain nuclei, is the
brains most important visceral control center.
The hypothalamus regulates sleep cycles,
hunger, thirst, body temperature, secretion by
the pituitary gland, the autonomic nervous
system, and some emotions and behaviors.
The small epithalamus contains the pineal gland,
which secretes a hormone called melatonin that
is involved in the nighttime stage of the sleepwake cycle.

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DIENCEPHALON

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BRAIN STEM
The three basic subdivision of brain stem are:
Midbrain (Mesencephalon )
Pontine (Pons)
Medulla oblongata

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Ventral of the brain showing the three parts of the brain stem: medulla
olblongata, pons and midbrain

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BRAIN STEM

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BRAIN STEM (MESENCEPHALON)

The midbrain is divided into a tectum and paired
cerebral peduncles, with the latter containing the
pyramidal motor tracts in the crus cerebri.
In the tectum, the superior and inferior colliculi
mediate visual and auditory reflexes.
The red nucleus and substantia nigra participate
in motor functions.

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BRAIN STEM (MESENCEPHALON)

The periaqueductal gray matter elicits the fear
response.
The midbrain also contains motor nuclei of
cranial nerves III and IV, nerves that control eye
muscles.

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BRAIN STEM (MEDULLA OBLONGATA)

The medulla oblongata contains the pyramids
and their decussation, all formed by the
pyramidal tracts. The olives contain relay nuclei
to the cerebellum.
Nuclei of cranial nerves VIIIXII lie near the
fourth ventricle.
Centers in the medullary reticular formation
regulate respiration, heart rate, blood pressure,
and other visceral functions.

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BRAIN STEM (MEDULLA OBLONGATA)

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CEREBELLUM
The cerebellum smooths and coordinates body
movements and helps maintain posture and
equilibrium.
Its main divisionsthe paired cerebellar
hemispheres and the vermisare divided
transversely into three lobes: anterior, posterior,
and flocculonodular.
The cerebellar surface is covered with folia
(ridges) and fissures.

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CEREBELLUM

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Circle of Willis

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Circle of Willis
A circular anastomosis formed by:

The posterior communicating arteries

The posterior cerebral arteries
The internal carotid artery
The anterior cerebral arteries
The anterior communicating arteries

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Circle of Willis

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VENTRICULAR SYSTEM AND

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)
There are four ventricle in the brain:
The two lateral ventricles are in the cerebral
hemispheres
The third ventricle is in the diencephalon; the
cerebral aqueduct is in the midbrain; and
The fourth ventricle is in the pons and medulla
regions of the brain stem.

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Ventricles of the brain

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Neurophysiology

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Ion Channels:
Leak Channels: randomly alternate between
open and closed positions. Found in nearly all
cells, including the dendrites, cell bodies, and
axons of all types of neurons.
Ligand-gated channel: opens and closes in
response to the binding of a ligand (chemical)
stimulus (neurotransmitters, hormones, and
particular ions)

 Mechanically-gated channel: opens or closes

in response to mechanical stimulation in the
form of vibration (such as sound waves), touch,
pressure, or tissue stretching
Voltage-gated channel: opens in response to
a change in membrane potential (voltage)

Thank you for your attention

References :
Neuroanatomy lecture notes, Deswaty
Furqonita, 2013
Essential clinical anatomy, 4th edition, Keith L.
Moore
Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 14th
edition, Gerard J. Tortora