Minerals

and
Rocks

Minerals
is naturally occurring, inorganic
solid
substance
(element
or
compound)
with
a
chemical
composition and distinctive set of
properties.
A mineral is solid inorganic
material of the Earth that has both
a known chemical composition and
a crystalline structure that is
unique to that mineral

Relative Percentage of Minerals

Crystalline Structure
Can be made up of atoms
of one or more kinds of
elements.
A crystal is
composed of
a structural
unit that is
repeated in
three
dimensions

Crystalline Structure

The structural unit

for a crystal of table
salt,
sodium
chloride, is cubic, as
you can see in the
individual grains.

Crystalline Structure
Crystalline substances are
classified into six major
systems: isometric,
hexagonal, tetragonal,
orthorhombic, monoclinic,
and triclinic.

Crystalline Structure

Crystalline Structure
A. The geometric shape
of a tetrahedron with
four equal sides.
B. silicon and four
oxygen
atoms
are
arranged in the shape
of a tetrahedron with
the
silicon
in
the
center. This is the basic
building block of all
silicate minerals.

Silicates
Silicates made of silicon
and oxygen and make up 92
% of Earths crust.
Ferromagnesian Silicates
Nonferromagnesiam
Silicates

Non-Silicates
make up 8% of Earths
crust
Carbonates
Sulfates
Oxides
Sulfides
Halides
Phosphates
Hydroxides

PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
OF MINERALS

Hardness
Resistance of the material to
being scratched.
Mohs Scale of Hardness

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Aparite

6.
Feldspar
7. Quartz
8. Topaz
9.
Corundum
10.
Diamond

Hardness
A.Gypsum, with a hardness of
2, is easily scratched by a
fingernail.
B.Quartz, with a hardness of
7, is so hard that even a
metal file will not scratch
it.

Colour
Refers to the property of
reflecting light of one or
more wavelength

Streak
This is the color of the mineral when it
is finely powdered.
Rubbed across a piece of tile, leaving a
fine powder of the mineral on the tile.

Cleavage
the tendency of mineral to break
along smooth planes.
Depends upon zones of weakness
in the crystal structure.

Fracture
Refer to the way mineral
brakes
The
broken
surface
is
irregular and not in a flat
plane.

Luster
Refers to the appearance
of the mineral surface in
reflected light
Metallic like metal
Pearly like pearl
Vitreous like glass
Earthy

Classification
of
minerals

Based on the Number of

Elements
elements
compound

Ore Minerals
pyrite, iron sulfide
chalcopyrite, sulfide of
copper and iron
galena, gray sulfide of lead
sphalerite, sulfide of zinc
fluorite, coloured fluoride
of calcium

Gem Mineral
amethyst
opal
emerald
diamond
jade
diamond

Rocks
and
the Rocks
Cycle

There is a hierarchy to the

elements of Geology
Atoms make up
elements.
Elements combine to form the
natural compounds.
Natural compounds and
elements combine to form
minerals.
Minerals make up
rocks.
Rocks make up the

Rocks
Elements are chemically
combined to form minerals
Minerals are physically
combined to form rocks.
is a solid aggregate of one
or more minerals that have
been cohesively brought
together by a rock-forming
process.

Kinds
of
Rocks

Igneous Rocks
forms when
molten rock
(magma) cools
and hardens
Classified by:
Where they
form
Crystal
(grain) size

Igneous Rocks
Coarse-grained- Plutonic (Intrusive)
Granite (Silica) (Silica and Aluminum
rich)
Diorite
Gabbro (Mafic) (Magnesium and iron
(FE) rich)
Dunite & Peridotite (Ultramafic)
Fine-Grained Volcanic (Extrusive)
Rhyolite (Silica)
Andesite
Basalt (Mafic)

Coarse-Grained:
Cooled slowly,
underground

Fine-Grained: Coo
quickly, at surface

Felsic:
Lightcolored

Mafic:
DarkColored

Granite

Rhyolite

Gabbro

Basalt

Intrusive Igneous Rock

Intrusive igneous: cooling
takes place slowly beneath
Earths surface

Granit
e

Extrusive Igneous Rock

Extrusive igneous: cooling
takes place rapidly on
Earths surface

Pumice

Rhyolite

Felsite

Andesite

Scoria

Porphyritic

Obsidian

Sedimentary Rocks
Pieces of rock erode and pile up in
layers
to create sedimentary rocks
forms from the compaction and/or
cementation of sediments
deposition
Sediments are:
Rock pieces
Mineral grains
Shell fragments

Limeston
e

Breccia

Shale

Gypsum

Sandstones

Greywacke

Qtz. Sandston

Oolitic Limestone

Dolostone

Chert

Rock Salt

Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic rock are sedimentary
or igneous rocks that have been
changed under pressure while deep
in the crust of the earth.
forms when any rock type is
changed into a different kind of
rock
Changes due to great heat and/or
pressure

Gneiss

Marb
le
Quartzi
te

Slate and Phyllite

Schist
Greenstone

This banded
metamorphic rock
is very old; at an
age of 3.8 billion
years, it is probably
among the oldest
rocks on the
surface of the
earth.

Foliated Metamorphic
Rock
Foliated contain aligned
grains of flat minerals

Determine if the following rock

samples are foliated or nonfoliated:

Amphibolite

Quartzite

Phyllit
e

Non-Foliated Meta.Rock
Non-Foliated mineral grains
are not arranged in plains or
bands

The
Rock Cycle

James Hutton

Rock Cycle
is a sequence of events
involving
the
formation,
alteration,
destruction,
and
reformation of rocks as a
result of natural processes

End!!!!!