ch04 e

1
Think about
4.1 Metabolism
4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes
4.3 Factors affecting the rate of
enzymatic reactions
4.4 Applications of enzymes
Recall Think about
Summary concept map
2
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n
a
e
j
t
u
o
n
r
o
w
,
d
l
o
t
n
a
W
I can help you!
Wash jeans with

stones.
Stones break some
cellulose fibres &
remove the blue
dye.
4
enzyme
Now we can use

enzymes to break
down the fibres
more quickly!
What are enzymes
enzyme
6
What are the

importance of enzymes
to organisms
enzyme
7
3
enzyme
What are the

advantages of using
enzymes in the making
of stonewashed jeans
4.1 Metabolism
different chemical reactions take place
in living cells
respiration
protein
synthesis
lipid
synthesis
4.1 Metabolism
different chemical reactions take place
in living cells
sum of the chemical
reactions that take place in
an organism
= metabolism ( )
10
4.1 Metabolism
Metabolism
Catabolism
( )
Anabolism
( )
11
4.1 Metabolism
1 Catabolism
complex
molecule
energy
simple
molecules
breaking-down reactions
release of energy
12
4.1 Metabolism
1 Catabolism
example: respiration
carbon
water +
dioxide
glucose
energy
13
4.1 Metabolism
Metabolism
Catabolism
( )
Anabolism
( )
14
4.1 Metabolism
2 Anabolism
simple
molecules
energy
building-up reactions
requires energy
complex
molecule
15
4.1 Metabolism
2 Anabolism
example: condensation of glucose
starch
glucose
energy
16
4.1 Metabolism
What are catabolism, anabolism

and metabolism?
Catabolism all breaking-down
reactions in an organism
Anabolism all building-up reactions
in an organism
Metabolism all chemical reactions in
an organism
17
4.2 Properties and actions of

enzymes
What is the role of
enzymes in
metabolism?
18

enzymes
reacting
molecules
product
( )
energy barrier
( )
19

enzymes
energy
reacting
molecules
product
( )
Energy supplied
energy to
barrier
overcome the
energy barrier( )
20
analogy: pushing a rock up a hill

reacting
molecule
product
21

reacting
molecule
energy barrier
product
the reaction does not start due to

the presence of energy barrier
22

maximum energy
energy
when energy is supplied reaction starts

23
How can the energy barrier

be overcome in our body?
24
By increasing the
temperature?
smaller
energy barrier
energy level raised

energy barrier is easier to overcome
25
By increasing the
temperature?
Not possible
smaller
because
high barrier
energy
temperature
kill the body cells!
energy level raised
energy barrier is easier to overcome
26
lower
energy barrier
rate of chemical reactions is speeded up

by enzymes ( )
27
energy
rate of chemical reactions is speeded up

by enzymes ( )
28
4.1
Demonstration of the breaking-down
action of enzymes
1 Prepare liver extract.
a Grind fresh liver with cold distilled water.
cold distilled
water
fresh pig
liver
29
4.1
b Filter the ground
tissue with filter
paper.
filter paper
liver extract
30
4.1
c Dilute the liver extract by 50% with cold
distilled water.
distilled water
liver extract
31
4.1
2 Set up 3 test tubes A to C. Observe for the release
of gas and the gas given off with a glowing splint.
hydrogen
peroxide
+ liver
extract
distilled
water +
liver
extract
hydrogen
peroxide +
distilled
water
32
4.1
Results and discussion
A gas is released from tube A.
The gas is oxygen because
re-lights
a
glowing
splint.
it
No oxygen is released from
the control set-ups (tubes B
and C).
33
4.1
Fresh liver tissues can break down
hydrogen peroxide possibly due to the
presence of catalase in the liver tissue.
Catalase speeds up the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide.
34
How do enzymes work?

each enzyme has an active site of a
specific ( ) shape
active site (
)
enzyme
35

active site can combine with substrate
( ) molecule(s)
substrate
enzyme
shapes fit
together!
36

active site can combine with substrate
( ) molecule(s)
enzymesubstrate
substrate
enzyme
complex
(
complex breaks down to
give
)
product(s)
37

in catabolic reactions:
substrate
enzymesubstrate
complex
enzyme
38

in catabolic reactions:
products
enzymesubstrate
complex
enzyme unchanged and can be reused
39

in anabolic reactions:
substrates
enzymesubstrate
complex
enzyme
40

in anabolic reactions:
product
enzymesubstrate
complex
enzyme unchanged and can be reused
41
Properties of enzymes
1) Biological catalysts
act as catalysts ( ) in
organisms
speed up metabolic reactions
42
2) Reusable
enzyme returns to its original form
after reaction
before
reaction
same!
after
reaction
43
3) Required in small amount
large amount of products produced
reusable
reusable
reusable
44
4) Proteins
enzymes are denatured ( )
at high temperatures and extreme
pH
45
5) Specific action
different shape!
46
5) Specific action
each enzyme combines with a specific
substrate
each enzyme catalyses only one
type of reaction
47
5) Specific action
can be explained by
lock-and-key
hypothesis
( )
48
Lock-and-key hypothesis
specific
shape
fit only a particular lock
49
Lock-and-key hypothesis
active sites of
specific shape
fit only a particular substrate

50
1 Enzymes are biological catalysts

that speed up chemical reactions
in organisms by lowering the
energy barrier of reactions.
They are important in regulating
metabolism.
51
An enzyme works when its

active site combines with
substrate(s) to form an
enzyme-substrate complex . The

complex then breaks down to give th
product(s). The enzyme is released i
its
.
original
form
52
3 Enzyme actions are specific
because their active sites have

specific shapes . Enzyme
combines only with substrate(s) that
fits into its active site. The specificity
of enzyme actions can be explained
by the lock-and-key hypothesis .
53
4 Five properties of enzymes:
i) They are biological catalysts .

ii) They can be reused .
iii) They are required in small
amount.
iv) They are proteins .
v) Their actions are specific .
54
4.3 Factors affecting the rate

of enzymatic reactions
Enzyme activity
reaction rate of an enzymatic
reaction
= the rate at which substrates are
used up or broken down
= the rate of product formation
55

Enzyme
activity
enzyme
reaction rate of an enzymatic
reaction
= the rate at which substrates are
used up or broken down
= the rate of product formation
56

enzyme
temperature
pH
inhibitor
57
4.3 Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions
Temperature
reaction rate
0C
low kinetic energy
enzyme inactive
temperature()
10
20
30
40
50
60
58
Temperature
reaction rate
temperature rises
more kinetic energy
temperature()
10
20
30
40
50
60
59
Temperature
more kinetic energy
molecules vibrate more
rapidly
collide more frequently
have higher chance to
form an enzymesubstrate complex
60
Temperature
reaction rate
temperature rises
10
20
more kinetic energy

reaction rate
increases
temperature()
30 40 50 60
61
Temperature
reaction rate
maximum rate
optimum temperature
rate of enzymatic
reaction reaches
maximum
temperature()
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
62
Temperature
reaction rate
temperature higher
than optimum
temperature
enzyme denatured
reaction rate
decreases
temperature()
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
63
Enzymes are killed

by heating so the
rate of enzymatic
reaction decreases.
64
Enzymes are NOT living

things. They cannot be killed.
They are denatured (their
shapes are changed) at very
high temperatures.
65
4.2
Simulation
Investigation of the effect of

temperature on enzyme activity
1 Add amylase solution to test tubes A to F. Add starch solution to test tubes 1 to 6.
2 Leave the different pairs of test tubes in water baths at different temperatures for
10 minutes.
66
4.2
ice
A
starch solution
B
0C 20C 40C 60C 80C 100C

amylase solution
67
4.2
3 Pour the amylase solution into starch solution. Put the tube of mixture back to its
beaker. Record the time as zero.
amylase solution
A
1
starch solution
68
4.2
4 At 2-minute intervals, transfer a drop of each mixture to an iodine drop. Record the
time it takes for the blue-black colour to disappear.
amylase
and starch
mixture
iodine drops
spot plate
69
4.2
The time it takes for the blue-black colour
to disappear is the shortest at 60C.
The starch does not disappear at 0C, 80C

and 100C.
70
4.2
At low temperature, the enzymatic reaction
rate is low because amylase is inactive.
Its activity increases with temperature until
it reaches a maximum (around 60C).
71
4.2
The enzyme activity is the highest at 60C.
Above the optimum temperature, the
enzyme activity decreases and the reaction
rate decreases until the enzyme becomes
denatured and can no longer work.
72

enzyme
temperature
pH
inhibitor
73
pH
reaction rate
pepsin
many enzymes in
mammals (e.g.
salivary amylase)
pancreatic
lipase
14
12
10
pH
74
pH
reaction rate
each enzyme
works in a narrow
range of pH
14
12
10
pH
75
pH
optimum pH for
most enzymes:
pH 5 pH 9
each enzyme
have their own
optimum pH
unsuitable pH
causes
denaturation
reaction rate
14
12
10
pH
76
4.3
Simulation
Investigation of the effect of pH on

enzyme activity
1 Add Benedicts solution to test tubes 1 to 6.
Benedicts
solution
77
4.3
2 Add sucrose solution to another 6 test tubes A to F. Then add citratephosphate buffer solution at different pH values to the tubes as shown.
Tube
pH of buffer
solution
3.2 4.0 5.2 6.0 7.0 8.0

78
4.3
3 Add invertase solution to test tubes A to F.
Leave at room temperature for 5 minutes.
sucrose solution
+ citratephosphate buffer
+ invertase
79
4.3
4 Pour the Benedicts solution in test tubes 1 to 6 into test
tubes A to F respectively. Shake the tubes gently. Put
the test tubes into a boiling water bath for 10 minutes.
boiling water
80
4.3
5 Allow the tubes to stand for 15 minutes.
Measure the depth of any brick-red
precipitate settled in the test tubes.
81
4.3
Precipitate is formed in tubes A, B, C and
D. The largest amount of precipitate is
settled in tube C. No precipitate is formed
in tubes E and F.
The results show that invertase works in an
acidic medium. It has an optimum pH
value around pH 5.2.
82

enzyme
temperature
pH
inhibitor
83
Inhibitors
inhibitors ( ) are chemicals that
slow down or stop the activities of
enzymes
84
Inhibitors
Competitive
inhibitors
( )
Non-competitive
inhibitors
( )
85
1 Competitive inhibitors
Animation
competitive
inhibitor
substrate
similar
shape!
86
compete with substrates for active sites
substrate
inhibitor
active site
enzyme
87
reaction rate
decreases
enzyme
inhibitor prevents
binding of substrate
chance to form
enzyme-substrate
complex lowered
88
enzyme
reversible binding
substrate can bind
when inhibitor
leaves
89
more substrates,
greater chance
of binding
reaction rate
increases
90
Inhibitors
Competitive
inhibitors
( )
Non-competitive
inhibitors
( )
91
2 Non-competitive inhibitors
substrate
noncompetitive
inhibitor
shape not similar

do not compete for active sites
92
active site
changes
shape
93
not fit together!
reaction rate
decreases
94
increasing substrate concentration

cannot increase reaction rate
95
examples:
cyanide
heavy
metals
96
4.4
Video
Investigation of the effect of inhibitors

on enzyme activity
1 Add Benedicts solution to test tubes 1 to 3.
2 Prepare test tubes A to C.
A
B
C
copper(II)
silver
distilled
suphate
nitrate +
water +
+sucrose
sucrose
sucrose
97
4.4
3 Add 10 drops of invertase solution to test tubes A to
C. Leave the tubes at room temperature for 5 minutes.
98
4.4
4 Pour Benedicts solution in test tubes 1 to 3 into test
tubes A to C respectively. Shake the tubes gently. Put
the test tubes into a boiling water bath for 10 minutes.
boiling water
99
4.4
5 Allow the tubes stand for 15 minutes.
Measure the depth of any brick-red precipitate settled in the test tubes.
100
4.4
Precipitate is formed in control set-up (tube C).
No precipitate is formed in tubes A and B.
The results show that copper(II) ion and silver ion
are inhibitors of enzyme invertase. Their presence
slows down the action of invertase on sucrose.
101
1 Effect of temperature on enzymes:

Temperature
Enzymes
Low temperature Inactive

Optimum
Work best
temperature
High temperature Denatured
102
2 Effect of pH on enzymes:
pH
Enzymes
Optimum pH
Work best
Extreme pH
Denatured
103
3 Difference between competitive and

non-competitive inhibitors:
NonCompetitive
competitive
Shape of
molecule
Are they similar to

Similar
Not similar
substrate?
104

Action
NonCompetitive
competitive
Compete Change the
What is their
shape of
for active
mode of action?
enzyme
site
105

NonCompetitive
competitive
Increased
substrate
concentration
Will the rate of

No
Yes
enzymatic
reaction
increase?
106

used to produce useful commercial
products
107
example:
lipases and proteases
to remove stains
containing lipids and
proteins
biological washing
powder
108
example:
a protease extracted
from papaya
papain
to soften meat
meat tenderizer
109
example:
cheese
extracted from young

cows stomach
proteases
to coagulate ( )
milk in cheese
production
110
example:
enzymes
to modify starch to
keep the bread soft
bread
111
example:
fruit juice
enzymes
to break down plant
cell walls so that the
juice looks less
cloudy
112
example:
leather
enzymes
to remove hairs from
hides ( )
to soften leather
113
What are the advantages of

using enzymes?
114
Specific in action
reduce the production of unwanted

products
115
Efficient in small amount
lower the cost of production
116
Work at moderate conditions
extreme and expensive conditions not

required
e.g. high temperature
high pressure
117
4.5
Investigation of protease activities in
different fruit juices
1 Heat the end of a cork borer in a Bunsen flame and allow it to cool.
118
4.5
2 Gently press the borer down into the milk-agar plate to make five wells. Replace
the lid quickly.
milk agar plate
cork
borer
well
119
4.5
3 Use a clean dropper to fill the wells AD with pineapple juice, kiwi fruit juice, papaya
juice and guava juice. Fill well E with distilled water.
different fruit juices

distilled water
120
4.5
4 Replace the lid. Incubate the plate at 35C for one hour.
incubator
121
4.5
5 Measure the diameter of the clear zones around the wells by placing the plate on
graph paper and examining against light.
122
4.5
Clear zones are observed around the wells
containing fruit juices and their diameters are
different.
The well containing distilled water is a

control. No clear zone is formed around it.
123
4.5
The results show that pineapple, kiwi fruit, papaya and guava contain
proteases that can break down proteins, but the activities of the proteases
differ from one another.
124
4.6
Video
Design an investigation of the

effectiveness of different biological
washing powder
Which brand of biological
washing powder is the most
effective in removing food
stains? Design an investigation
to find this out.
125
Enzyme are widely used in industry

to produce useful products e.g.
biological washing powder and
meat tenderizers . They are also
important in food industries,
breweries and leather industries.
126
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological

catalysts. They speed up
metabolic reactions in
organisms.
enzyme
127
What is the importance

of enzymes to organisms?
Without enzymes, metabolic

reactions will not proceed
enzyme
under the relatively low
temperatures.
128
What is the advantage of

using enzymes in the making
of stonewashed jeans?
This can shorten the time
of jean production.
enzyme
129
Enzymes
lower the
energy barrier
therefore speed up
metabolic reactions
include
anabolic catabolic
reactions reactions
130
Enzymes
have an
active site
shows
specificity
can be explained by
lock-and-key hypothesis
131
Enzymes
activities affected by
temperature pH inhibitors
too low too high
causes causes
extreme values
cause
inactivation denaturation
of enzymes of enzymes
132
inhibitors
may be
competitive
non-competitive
133

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1

Wash jeans with

Now we can use

What are enzymes

What are the

What are the

What are catabolism, anabolism

4.2 Properties and actions of

4.2 Properties and actions of

4.2 Properties and actions of

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

analogy: pushing a rock up a hill

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

analogy: pushing a rock up a hill

the reaction does not start due to

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

analogy: pushing a rock up a hill

when energy is supplied reaction starts

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How can the energy barrier

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

energy level raised

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

rate of chemical reactions is speeded up

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

rate of chemical reactions is speeded up

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

How do enzymes work?

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

fit only a particular substrate

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

1 Enzymes are biological catalysts

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes

An enzyme works when its

enzyme-substrate complex . The

4.2 Properties and actions of enzymes