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11.Polar Curves
The luminous intensity or candle power is not
uniform in
all directions, due to its unsymmetrical shape and
design
It is essential to know exactly how the light is distributed
Polar curve is defined as a graph representing the
and is usually given in the form of polar curves
light distribution of a lamp (luminous intensity) in a
horizontal or vertical plane
9EE605A.2
Polar Curves
Lamp and
horizontal plane
Fig.4a
On horizontal
plane
Fig.4b
On vertical
plane
Fig.4c
2
Fig.4a
Fig.4
b
Fig.4
b
The drop in luminous intensity along OC at 00 of
horizontal polar curve is due to break in the filament
where the current enters and leaves
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOMETRY
PROBLEMS
PHOTOMETRY
Introduction :
The light emitted or reflected by the objects can be
measured in comparison with a standard source.
The branch of optics which deals with the
measurement of light is known as Photometry.
(Photo
means light and metry
means
measurement).
BASIC DEFINITION :
Luminous Flux (F) :
The amount of light energy radiated from a
source or an illuminating object in all directions per
second is known as luminous flux. It is denoted
by the letter F or and its unit is lumen.
Definition of 1 Lumen :
1 Lumen =
F
4
8
F
A
11
E I
E
I
r2
1
r2
(or)
E
KI
r2
13
1
K
4
I
2
4r
Principle of Photometry :
The principle of photometry is based on the
adjustment of the distances of the two light sources
from the measuring point they produce equal
intensity of illumination at the point.
14
2
and
2
r
r
2
1
(or)
r12
r22
Photometer :
It is an instrument which is used to compare the
luminous intensities of two sources. If the luminous
intensity of one of the source is known, the luminous
intensity of the other one can be measured.
16
17
Screen S :
18
Telescope T :
The telescope (T) is used to receive the light
coming from Lummer Brodhun cube. The whole
apparatus is enclosed in a metallic box blackened
from inside.
21
Working :
S1 and S2 are two sources whose luminous
intensities are to be compared.
These sources can be moved along an optical
bench.
They are placed on the opposite side of the
screen S at equal distances and illuminate the
screen normally.
The light rays reflected diffusively from each
side of screen are incident on the prisms P1 and P2.
These light rays undergo total internal reflection
from the prisms and fall on Lummer Brodhun cube.
22
Contd.
The outer rays from the source S1 undergo total
internal reflection at prism A, while the middle ray
passes into the prism B through the point of contact
of the prisms A and B without any deviation.
Contd.
In this way, middle ray from source S1 and outer
rays from source S2 enter into the telescope.
Since the luminous intensities of the two sources
are different, the field of view of the eyepiece of the
telescope consists of a central part illuminated by light
from S1 and an outer part illuminated by light from S2
of different brightness.
Now the distances of S1 and S2 are adjusted in
such a way that the field of view appears equally
24
bright.
(or)
I 2 I 1
r2
r1
27
28
29
Formula :
I1 I 2
2
2
r1
r2
32
8
2
2
x (2 x)
30
32(4+x2-4x)
= 8x2
24x2 128x + 128 = 0
3x2 16x + 16
=0
3x2 4x 12x + 16 = 0
r1(3x-4)-4(3x-4) = 0
(x-4) (3x-4)
=0
Hence x can be either 4 or 4/3 Since the separation
between the two lamps in 2m, x cannot be 4 m.
Here x = 4/3m. i.e. when the screen is placed at a
distance of 4/3m from the lamp of 32 candle power, the
screen is illuminated equally by the lamps on both sides.
31
33
8
32
2
(x )
( 200 x ) 2
or
( 200 x ) 2
32
4
2
(x )
8
(200 x )
2
x
or
200 x 2x
x = 200 cm.
8
32
(x ) 2
( 200 x ) 2
( 200 x ) 2
32
4
2
(x )
8
( 200 x )
2
8
200 3x
x = 66.67 cm.
Thus the screen should be placed at a distance of 66.67 cm
from the first lamp L1 (8 c.p.) and 133.33 cm from the second
lamp L2 (32 c.p.)
or
35
and
I
4E
(64 x ) 2
36
x2
4
(60 x) 2
x
or 2
(60 x)
Case. (i)
Thank u
39