FSDLecture 3

Fundamentals of Software
Development
CT010-3-1
Understanding Programming
Language Constructs
Prepared by: SZK First Prepared on:30 th July 2005 Last Modified on:14th December 2005
Quality checked by: GTK
Copyright 2005 Asia Pacific University College of Technology and Innovation
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Understanding Programming Language Constructs
Variable declarations, definitions, keywords,
constant primitive data types
User-defined data types
Syntax and professional programming practices
Planning and implementing program testing
Testing strategies
Program walkthroughs
Whitebox and blackbox testing
Debugging strategies
Syntax and logic errors
Program tracing
Debugging tools
CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development
Slide 2 (of 34)
Learning Outcomes
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
Define and differentiate the various data types in Java
Create , edit, compile and run simple procedural based
Java programs using variables and data types
Use operators in Java programs and subsequently
write expressions that make up a Java program
Plan and implement program testing strategies
Debug programs using appropriate debugging tools
Slide 3 (of 34)
Key Terms
If you have mastered this topic, you should be able to use
the following terms correctly in your assignments and
exams:
identifiers
primitive data types
derived data types
program testing strategies
debugging
Slide 4 (of 34)
Identifiers/Variables
Variables
int temperature; // The Fahrenheit
temperature
Think of variable like a container for a value :
32
temperature
temperature = 32;
// temperature contains the value 32
The above is an assignment statement and = is the

assignment operator.
Slide 5 (of 34)
To declare > 1 variable :
int fahrTemp, centTemp;
int is the type name
Legal variable name must consists of a letter (upper- or
lowercase) followed by any number (including zero) of letters
& digits.
Illegal variable names : 4.7 !%-Legal variable names :
temperature TEMP23 T $temp_1 T$$1
Slide 6 (of 34)
int Temp;
temp=3;
cause Java to give the error
Undefined variable; temp
To declare a constant value :
final double PI = 3.14159;
Slide 7 (of 34)
Scope of Variables
A variable's scope is the block of code within which the
variable is accessible and determines when the variable is
created and destroyed. The location of the variable
declaration within your program establishes its scope and
places it into one of these 4 categories:
Member variable
Local variable
Method parameter
Exception-handler
parameter
Slide 8 (of 34)
Keywords
Keywords ~ words that may seems to be legal variable
names but they are not because they are reserved by
the language for special uses.
List of Keywords in Java :
abstract
catch
do
finally
if
interface
outer
return
this
var
boolean
char
double
float
implements
long
package
short
throw
void
break
class
else
for
import
native
private
static
throws
volatile
byte
const
extends
future
inner
new
protected
sure
transient
while
case
continue
false
generic
instanceof
null
public
switch
true
cast
default
final
goto
int
operator
rest
synchronized
try
Slide 9 (of 34)
Data types
All variables must have a data type and must be

initialized.
Eg.
int count=3;
or
int count;
count=3;
Slide 10 (of 34)
Data types
Java language is rich in its data types.
The variety of data types available allow the
programmer to select the type appropriate to
the needs of the application.
Two major categories of data type :
Primitive (Built in types)
Reference / Object (Derived Types)
Slide 11 (of 34)
Data types
Data types in Java
Primitive
Numeric
Derived
Non-numeric
Classes
Arrays
Interface
Integer
Floating point
Character
Boolean
Slide 12 (of 34)
Data types primitive data types

Type
Size/Format
Description
byte
8-bit twos complement
Byte-length integer
short
Short integer
int
Integer
long
Long integer
float
32-bit IEEE 754
Single-precision floating point
double
64-bit IEEE 754
Double-precision floating point
char
16-bit Unicode character
A single character
boolean
true or false
A boolean value
integers
Real numbers
others
Slide 13 (of 34)
Data types primitive data types

Examples of double values in Java :
3.14159
7.12 9.0 0.5e001 -16.3e+002
The e is called the e-notation in Java;
e separates the number from the exponent.
2.829281 x 108
<=>
2.829281e8
2. 13898121 x 10-15
<=>
2. 13898121e-15
Slide 14 (of 34)
Quick Review Question

1. Why do programming languages need to have different
data types?
2. How are data types categorised in Java?
3. How are primary types categorised in Java?
4. How are derived types categorised in Java?
5. What is the size in bytes of the character type?
6. What is the size in bytes, of the double data type?
Slide 15 (of 34)
Data types reference data types

Reference types :
Arrays
Classes
Interfaces
The value of a reference type variable, is a reference to the
actual value or set of values represented by the variable.
Slide 16 (of 34)

Example class references
Classes are the templates for creating objects.
class A
{
variables
constructors
methods
}
A a = new A( )
a is a reference to an object of class A
Slide 17 (of 34)

Example Array references
int myArray [ ] = new int [4];
Example Interface references
Slide 18 (of 34)
Common errors & debugging

Syntax error: a violation of the Java grammar
rules detected during program translation. Some
common causes of syntax errors:
Incorrect data types (in operations, assignments, returned
values, etc.)
Incorrect use of quotation marks (not in pairs)
Errors in use of comments (dangling comments)
Run-time error: an attempt to perform an invalid

operation detected during program execution:
No object file error: the name of a class does not match the
name of the file containing it (sometimes due to case
sensitivity)
Class path errors: the compiler doesnt find the source files
Data entry errors: user enters the wrong type of data
Slide 19 (of 34)
Common errors & debugging

More Run-time errors:
Arithmetic overflow: attempt to store in a
variable a value that is too large and does
not fit in memory allocated for variable
Attempt to divide by zero
Logic errors: caused by a program that
follows an incorrect algorithm (no syntax or

run-time error, but the program output is
incorrect). Test the program thoroughly,
compare its output with the expected results.
Slide 20 (of 34)
Some common syntax errors
Slide 21 (of 34)
The Debugger
Debugger = program to run your program,
interrupt it, and inspect variables
Three key commands:
Set Breakpoint
Single Step
Inspect Variable
Two variations of Single Step

Step Over = don't enter method call
Step Inside = enter method call
Slide 22 (of 34)
Debugging
IDE Debugger tool helps programmers debug their
programs:
control program execution: step through the code line-byline, or run to a given point
set breakpoints in the program
monitor data values with watches and inspectors, etc.
A simple technique for debugging is to insert

diagnostic output statements in methods for
displaying intermediate results.
For example, display messages in the console
window as follows:
System.out.println ("intermediate result: " +
value);
Slide 23 (of 34)
Debugging a Program
Debugging is the major activity performed
by programmers during the testing phase
Testing determines if there is an error,
debugging determines the cause of it
Debugging is like detective work
Inspect carefully the information displayed by
your program
Insert additional diagnostic output statements
in the method to determine more information
Slide 24 (of 34)
Using a Debugger
Debuggers often are included with IDEs
A debugger can execute your program
incrementally rather than all at once
Single-step execution executes in increments as
small as one program statement
Breakpoints are used to traverse large portions
of code before stopping
The actual mechanics of using a debugger
depend on the IDE that you are using
Slide 25 (of 34)
Example: The Debugger Stopping

at a Breakpoint
Slide 26 (of 34)
Program Trace
Output statements in your program for diagnostic purposes
eg. if (status == SINGLE)
{
System.out.println("status is SINGLE");
...
}
...
Stack trace tells you the contents of the call stack
eg. Throwable t = new Throwable();
t.printStackTrace(System.out);
Looks like exception report:
java.lang.Throwable
at TaxReturn.getTax(TaxReturn.java:26)
at TaxReturnTest.main(TaxReturnTest.java:30)
Drawback of trace messages: Need to remove them when testing is
complete, stick them back in when another error is found
Slide 27 (of 34)
Why do Testing?
Normally testing is done by
The programmer
Other members of the software team who did not code the
module being tested
Final users of the software product
Do not rely on programmers for testing as they are often

blind to their own oversights
Companies also have quality assurance organizations
that verify that the testing process is performed correctly
In extreme programming, programmers work in pairs
where one writes the code and the other writes the tests
Slide 28 (of 34)
Preparations for Testing

A test plan should be developed early in the
design phase
Aspects of a test plan include deciding how the
software will be tested, when the tests will occur,
who will do the testing, and what test data will be
used
If the test plan is developed early, testing can
take place concurrently with the design and
coding
A good programmer practices defensive
programming and includes code to detect
unexpected or invalid data
Slide 29 (of 34)
Developing the Test Data

Test data should be specified during the analysis
and design phases for the different levels of
testing: unit, integration, and system
In black-box testing, we are concerned with the
relationship between the unit inputs and outputs
There should be test data to check for all expected
inputs as well as unanticipated data
In white-box testing, we are concerned with

exercising alternative paths through the code
Test data should ensure that all if statement
conditions will evaluate to both true and false
Slide 30 (of 34)
Testing Coverage Question

What is Black-box testing?
What is White-box testing?
Why testing ->Reason:
Easy to overlook error branches during
testing
Make sure to execute each branch in at
least one test case
Slide 31 (of 34)
Quick Review Question

We are going to work together to write some more
Java programs that we can test in the lab.
1. Write a Java program to display the lines:
This is the first line.
This is the second line.
2. Write a Java program to
Assign the value 45.35 to the float variable
price, 10 to the integer variable units and
calculate and display the total value of price *
units
Slide 32 (of 34)
Summary of Main Teaching Points

Variable declarations, definitions, keywords,
constant primitive data types
User-defined data types
Syntax and professional programming practices
Planning and implementing program testing
Testing strategies
Program walkthroughs
Whitebox and blackbox testing
Debugging strategies
Syntax and logic errors
Program tracing
Debugging tools
Slide 33 (of 34)
Next Lesson
Structured Programming Control Structures
Operators and expressions
Conditional constructs
if..else constructs
nested if..else constructs
switch..case
break and continue statements
Slide 34 (of 34)

FSDLecture 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

FSDLecture 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamentals of Software

Topic & Structure of the lesson

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 2 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 3 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 4 (of 34)

// temperature contains the value 32

The above is an assignment statement and = is the

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 5 (of 34)

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 6 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 7 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 8 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 9 (of 34)

All variables must have a data type and must be

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 10 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 11 (of 34)

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Data types primitive data types

8-bit twos complement

16-bit twos complement

32-bit twos complement

64-bit twos complement

32-bit IEEE 754

Single-precision floating point

64-bit IEEE 754

Double-precision floating point

16-bit Unicode character

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 13 (of 34)

Data types primitive data types

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 14 (of 34)

Quick Review Question

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 15 (of 34)

Data types reference data types

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 16 (of 34)

Data types reference data types

CT010-3-1 Introduction to Software Development

a is a reference to an object of class A

Understanding Programming Language Constructs

Slide 17 (of 34)

Data types reference data types