Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Contents
Introduction
Definitions
Wax pattern & master die
Spruing principles & technique
Burnout procedure
Cleaning of casted product
Casting defects
Summary & conclusion
References
Introduction
Castingis amanufacturingprocess by which a
moulted material is usually poured into
amould, which contains a hollow cavity of the
desired shape, and then allowed to solidify.
The solidified part is also known as acasting,
which is ejected or broken out of the mould to
complete the process.
Casting is a 6000 year old process. The oldest
surviving casting is a copper frog from 3200
BC.
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting
History
The dental profession has used precision-type
castings for the most part of century.
Using the lost wax technique, W.H.Taggart in
1907 developed a process for making castings
used in restoration of prepared teeth.
This was followed by Jameson who introduced
the centrifugal-casting machine and Solbrig
who introduced the steam-pressure casting
machine.
Definitions
Casting (n): something that has been cast in a
mold; an object formed by the solidification of a
fluid that has been poured or injected into a mold.
Casting (v): the act of forming an object in a mold.
Casting ring: a metal tube in which a refractory
mold is made for casting dental restorations.
Definitions
Dental casting investment : a material consisting
principally of an allotrope of silica and a bonding
agent. The bonding substance may be gypsum (for
use in lower casting temperatures) or phosphates
and silica (for use in higher casting temperatures)
Investing : the process of covering or enveloping,
wholly or in part, an object such as a denture, tooth,
wax form, crown, etc. with a suitable investment
material before processing, soldering, or casting.
- The glossary of prosthodontic terms. The Journal Of
Prosthetic Dentistry; 2005:94/1
Wax pattern
There are 2 fundamental ways to prepare a
wax pattern for dental restorations:1)Direct method- Pattern is prepared on the
tooth in the mouth( used for small inlays).
2)Indirect method- Pattern is prepared on
the die/cast.
Spruing of the
wax pattern (fix it
in space)
Spruing
Purpose:1. Fix the pattern in space so a mold can be
made
2. To create a channel for elimination of wax
during burnout
3. To form a channel for the ingress of
molten alloy during casting
4. To compensate for alloy shrinkage during
solidification
- O brein. Dental Materials and Their Selection
3/e. 2002
2. Plastic sprues :
Solid plastic sprues soften at higher
temperature than the wax pattern.
May block the escape of wax (of pattern)
because the wax melts at lower
temperature than plastic.
Thermal expansion of wax is 5 times
greater than plastic which will result in
excessive pressure build up inside the
mold during the burnout before plastic
sprue softens resulting in casting defects.
Sprue design
Diameter :The sprue former should be at least 1.7
mm (14 guage) in diameter unless the
pattern is extremely small and up to 2.5
mm(10 guage) in diameter can be used for
very large patterns (bulky) full crown.
Types :
1. Asbestos ( Was used earlier, but is not
used now because of its carcinogenic
potential)
2. Aluminum silicate /ceramic liner
3. Cellulose liner (it has an advantage that
it can be made wet with water and allow
hygroscopic expansion)
Use of two layers of liner allow more
expansion.
Investing Procedure
Wax pattern should be cleaned of any
Mixing
Liquid and powder of investment material
Investing Pattern
For investing by hand- entire pattern is
With
vacuum
investingthe
same
equipment used to mix the investment is
employed to invest the pattern under
vacuum.
Tilting the ring slightly aids in releasing
these bubbles so that they can rise to the
surface.
Advantages:Results in smoother texture of the cast
surface for better reproduction of details.
The amount of porosity in the investment
is reduced by vacuum investing.
The tensile strength of vacuum mixed
investment is also increased.
It
Hygroscopic
technique
low
heat
Gold alloys
Ni/Cr alloys
815870C
(15001600F)
Co/Cr alloys
870900C
(16001650F)
Palladium (28%
Gold)
700870C
(13001600F)
Silver-Palladium
760815C
(14001500F)
After
Casting machines
Several types and designs of casting
machines are used to make dental
castings.
All casting machines accelerate molten
metal into the mold either by
1. Air pressure
or
2. Centrifugal force.
Numerous modifications and
these methods are used
machines.
The selection of the casting
techniques is influenced by
variations of
in different
and melting
type of alloy
combined
the
use
of
compressed air or steam
pressure and the creation of a
vacuum.
casting
machine
Direct-current arc melting machine.
Vacuum
or pressure-assisted casting
machine
or
Crucible
Balancing weight
Metal
Casting ring
Locking arm
Handle
tip of
B) ELECTRICAL
There are two methods by which electricity can be
employed to melt the alloy.
1. Induction.
2. Electric Arc (Resistance).
Although, both the methods work on same principle i.e.
heat energy is produced when electric current is
passed through a conductor depending upon the
voltage applied across it.
H=Pxt
H=VxIxt
(P = V x I)
H = V2 x R x t
(I = V x R) Ohms law
Where,
H = Heat produced in joules. P = Powel in watts.
t = Time in seconds. V = Voltage in volts.
The
machine
operates
using
high
frequency electromagnetic waves and
should not be operated by anyone with a
heart pacemaker.
resistance
heating
conductor,
and
automatic melting of alloy occurs. The
apparatus consist of an electrode and a
base plate on which the metal / alloy
pellet is placed.
The contact between the electrode
terminal and the metal / alloy pellet is in
form of an electric arc thus the term
electric arc furnace is used.
Titanium Casting
Available casting machines are classified into 3
types:
(a)Inert gas arc-melting/gas pressure casting
machines that consist of 2 chambers: an
upper chamber (melting chamber) for arcmelting under an inert atmosphere (Ar gas)
and a lower chamber (mold chamber) with a
muffle in which the molten metal is forced
into under gravitational acceleration and
-Zinelisa
S. pressure;
Effect of pressure of helium, argon, krypton,
inert gas
Casting crucibles
Clay
casting,
Best method for Pickling is to place the
casting in a test tube or dish & pour the acid
over it.
May be necessary to heat the acid, but
boiling is avoided, because of considerable
amount of acid fumes involved.
Pickling
solution
should
be
renewed
frequently, since it is likely to become
contaminated.
In no case the casting be held with steel
tongs because, when both the casting &
Casting Defects
Nodules due to bubbles of gas trapped in
investment.
Fins caused by cracks in investment from
weak mix, excessive casting force, too
rapid burnout, reheating the ring, pattern
too close to edge of ring or rough
handling of ring after investing.
References
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting
2)The glossary of prosthodontic terms. The Journal Of
Prosthetic Dentistry; 2005:94/1
3)Anusavice K.J. Dental waxes, Casting Investments,
and Casting Procedures. Phillips Science of Dental
Materials 12/e. 2013:194-230.