George Hillery (1995)- Community means

person in social interaction within a

geographical area and having one or more
additional ties

A community consist of who live close to one

another, who interact with one another
frequently, and who feel that they have some
common traits or value that they share with
one another.

A community refers to an organized way of life

with in a geographic area

 The

word Society is derived from the Latin word

socius w/c means companionship or
friendship.

Companionship

means sociability, or the

element of sociability [George Simmel] w/c
defines the true essence of society.

It

indicates that man always lives in the

company of other people. Man needs society for
his living, working and enjoying life.

Society

is a group of people who share a

common culture, occupy a particular territorial
area and feel themselves to constitute a unified
and distinct entity.

 Society

is the mutual interactions and

interrelations of individuals and groups.

Definitions

of Society

Society

[August Comte-father of Sociology]

saw society as a social organism possessing a
harmony of structure and function.

Emile

Durkheim-founding father of the modern

sociology] treated Society as a reality in its
own right.

Talcott

Parsons- Society as a total complex of

human relationship intrinsic or symbolic.

 G.

H. Mead- conceived Society as an exchange

of gestures w/c involves the use of symbols.

Morris

Ginsberg- defines Society as a

collection of individuals united by certain
relations or mode of behavior w/c mark them
off from others who do not enter into these
relations or who differ from them in behavior.

Cole-

sees Society as the complex of organized

associations and institutions w/ a community.

Maclver

& Page- Society is a system of usages

and procedures of authority and mutual aid of
many groupings and divisions

A community must provide for the basic

needs of man and his group: food, clothing,
dwelling, transportation, education and
other goods needed for the basic existence
either by producing them or by importing
them from outside.

A community must provide mechanisms for

the transmission of existing knowledge,
social values, and dominant patterns
behavior to the members

Example:
Family plays this role in the early stages of
the individuals development

This requires mechanisms through which

conformity to the prevailing group norms
are ensure.
The pressure created by the community
tends regulate and control the members of
the community.

Members of a community learn to interact

with other members spontaneously starting
from the family to much bigger group.

The community is always expected to

provide relief and solutions to their
members problem.
Forms of assistance usually come from
family members and kin

People think of their community as the physical

place or geographic environment in which they
live. This place is both personal and shared
meaning for the inhabitants. This sense of
sharing a common area that may have specific
name and a unique identity in territorial aspect
of the community.

Territory is just one factor affecting the

formation of community; but it is an important
starting point in any analysis of the community

The community may be seen as consisting of

people who are more than aggregate of
isolated individuals and who often interact
with one another, have a shared culture, and
find their contact with one another
meaningful. E.T. Hiller expounded that the
community is one of many social groups.

Basic properties of social group:

1. A body of members
2. One or more test of membership

3. A collection of assigned roles

4. A set of norms

As a social system the community

encompasses a broad range of interrelated
institutions such as families, school, churches
and political and civic organization.
It is said that the people gain a sense of
security when they identify with their
community. This identification consists of
common values, norms and goals.
Sentiment awareness of sharing a way of
life that develops among community members
as they interact in performing their activitiesGeorge Homans

The social view looks at the community as a

relatively enclosed system of interaction
centered in some locality.
The community as a network of interactions
among individuals.
Communities may also be viewed as social
arenas in which people cooperate with one
another while pursuing their social
economic and political lives.

Social anthropologist and rural sociologist

have concentrated on the study of small
communities with clearly delineated
territories and relatively simple social
structures. Urban sociologist have usually
directed their attention to problems to
specific areas undergoing complex social
change.
Communities are excellent social units for
study and observation

1.

Population aggregate preferable to

human group

2. Deliminated area- it exist somewhere; it

occupies a particular space, a measurable
habitat ; every community has a center
3. Sharing of historical heritage- this
implies an interest in the areas past, a
concern for what has happened.
4. The number of service institutionsthese should be enough to meet the need
of the people so that the people can live
within the area if they so decide.

5. Participating in common life- this refers

to the life pursuit of people, day by day, the
year round. This means that the people must
have common lifestyle.
6. Consciousness of local unity- this means
much the same as community spirit that a
community exist in the minds of its members
as an object of attention and concern.
7. Ability to act together in solving civic
problems

Hunting and food gathering societies

a. Base camp
b. A Division of labor
c. the development of cooperation
2. Horticultural societies
a. Subsistence farming
b. Surplus farming
3. Pastoral societies
4. Agricultural societies
5. Industrial societies
6. Post-industrial societies
1.

 CHARACTERISTICS

OF HUMAN

SOCIETY
1. It

is a social system
2. It is relatively large
3. It recruits most of its members from within
4. It sustains itself across generations
5. Its members share a culture
6. It occupies a territory

1. The size of the population-whether thick or

scarce
2. Secondary association-their presence will
indicate diversity of the population
3. Social tolerance-caused by the diversity of the
population and impersonal contacts
4. Secondary controls controls regulating the
complex and predatory relations of members
5. Social mobility- requires division of labor,
competition, and impersonality

6. Voluntary associations- based on

volunteerism, voluntaristic character, not
kinship ties
7. Individuation- in w/c the individual is more
independent and self-centers
8. Spatial segregation- in w/c the center of city
is monopolized by functions of basic
importanc