Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PENGELOLAAN SDALH
PROBLEMATIK
LINGKUNGAN:
SEBAB-SEBAB
DAN
SUSTAINABILITAS
Lingkungan hidup
KERUSAKAN LINGKUNGAN
Kerusakan lingkungan adalah deteriorasi lingkungan dengan
hilangnya sumber daya air, udara, dan tanah; kerusakan ekosistem
dan punahnya fauna liar. Kerusakan lingkungan adalah salah satu
dari sepuluh ancaman yang secara resmi diperingatkan oleh High
Level Threat Panel dari PBB.
The World Resources Institute (WRI), UNEP (United Nations
Environment Programme), UNDP (United Nations Development
Programme), dan Bank Dunia telah melaporkan tentang pentingnya
lingkungan dan kaitannya dengan kesehatan manusia, pada tanggal
1 Mei 1998.
DAMPAK PENTING
Lampiran
Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengendalian Dampak Lingkungan
No. 56 Tahun 1994 Tanggal 18 Maret 1994
Dampak penting adalah perubahan lingkungan yang sangat
mendasar yang diakibatkan oleh suatu usaha atau kegiatan; Pasal 16
UU Nomor 4 Tahun 1982, menyatakan bahwa setiap rencana
kegiatan yang diperkirakan akan mempunyai dampak penting
terhadap lingkungan wajib dilengkapi dengan AMDAL.
Dampak penting suatu usaha atau kegiatan menurut Penjelasan Pasal 16
UU Nomor 4 Tahun 1982, dan Pasal 2 dan Pasal 3 PP Nomor 51 Tahun
1993 ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor berikut:
1. Jumlah manusia yang akan terkena dampak,
2. Luas wilayah persebaran dampak,
3. Lamanya dampak berlangsung,
4. Intensitas dampak,
5. Banyaknya komponen lingkungan lainnya yang akan terkena
dampak,
6. Sifat kumulatif dampak,
7. Berbalik atau tidak berbaliknya dampak.
Diunduh dari : ..
MASALAH LINGKUNGAN
Beberapa masalah lingkungan yang terjadi akibat aktivitas manusia:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Perubahan iklim Pemanasan global Asap global Bahan bakar fosil Kenaikan
permukaan laut Gas rumah kaca Peningkatan keasaman laut
Konservasi Kepunahan spesies Penurunan jumlah polinator Pemutihan koral
Kejadian kepunahan holosen Spesies invasif Perburuan liar Spesies terancam
Bendungan Dampak lingkungan dari bendungan
Energi Konservasi energi Energi terbarukan Penggunaan energi yang efisien
Komersialisasi energi terbarukan
Rekayasa genetik Polusi genetik Kontroversi makanan hasil modifikasi genetik
Pertanian intensif Penggembalaan berlebihan Irigasi Monokultur Dampak
lingkungan dari produksi daging
Degradasi lahan Polusi tanah Desertifikasi
1. Tanah Konservasi tanah Erosi tanah Kontaminasi tanah Salinasi tanah
Penggunaan lahan Urbanisasi Fragmentasi habitat Penghancuran habitat
Nanoteknologi Nanotoksikologi Polusi nano
Masalah nuklir Keruntuhan nuklir Pelelehan nuklir Energi nuklir Sampah
radioaktif
Populasi berlebihan Kuburan
Pelubangan ozon CFC
Polusi Polusi cahaya Polusi suara Polusi visual
1. Polusi air Hujan asam Eutrofikasi Polusi laut Pembuangan sampah ke
laut Tumpahan minyak Polusi termal Krisis air Sampah laut Peningkatan
keasaman laut Polusi kapal Air limbah
2. Polusi udara Kabut asap Ozon troposferik Kualitas udara dalam ruangan
Bahan organik volatil Materi partikulat Sulfur dioksida
Penghilangan sumber daya alam Eksploitasi sumber daya alam
1. Konsumerisme Kapitalisme konsumen Konsumsi berlebihan
2. Penangkapan ikan Peledakkan Pukat dasar laut Penangkapan ikan
dengan sianida Jaring hantu Penangkapan ikan ilegal, tidak dilaporkan, dan
tidak diatur Penangkapan ikan berlebihan Sirip hiu Penangkapan ikan paus
3. Penebangan hutan Penebangan habis Deforestasi Penebangan hutan
ilegal
4. Pertambangan Drainase tambang asam Pertambangan terbuka
Racun klorofluorokarbon DDT Gangguan kelenjar endokrin Dioksin Logam
berat Herbisida Pestisida Limbah beracun Bifenil terklorinasi Akumulasi biologi
Biomagnifikasi
Limbah E-waste Sampah Pembuangan sampah sembarangan Sampah lautan
Tempat pembuangan akhir Leachate Daur ulang Insinerasi
PERTUMBUHAN EKSPONENSIAL
The human population growth showed an exponential increase, with our global
population now at nearly 7 billion people. Check out the Worldometer for current
(real-time) population statisitcs.
Worldmapper has some interesting thematic maps showing the size of each country
relative to different statistics for example population, infant mortality, life span or
income. One good example of how a human population exceeded its carrying
capacity is Easter Island.
The Mystery of Easter Island describes how a once flourishing civilisation was
reduced to starvation, disease, war and cannabilism. This was also the title of an
excellent documentary. We also discussed the article More than 100 million women
are missing and Where did 100 million missing women go?
PERTUMBUHAN EKSPONENSIAL
The growth of population is measured as increase in its size over a period of time
and populations show characteristic patterns of growth with time. These patterns are
known as population growth forms.
Diunduh dari : ..
PENYELESAIAN MASALAH
Memahami lingkungan
Mempraktekkan kelestarian-keberlanjutan
Root Cause Analysis
The indoor environment in any building is a result of the interaction between the site,
climate, building systems (original design, later modifications in the structure and
mechanical systems), construction techniques, contaminant sources (building
materials and furnishings, moisture, processes and activities within the building, and
outdoor sources), and building occupants. When a problem arises which is
attributed to the building's indoor environment, the ensuing investigation will,
necessarily, need to consider all of the possible factors which contribute to that
environment.
Environment
Environmental science
Ecology
Environmentalism
ETIKA LINGKUNGAN
Krisis lingkungan hidup yang dihadapi manusia modern merupakan akibat
langsung dari pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang nir-etik. Artinya, manusia
melakukan pengelolaan sumber-sumber alam hampir tanpa peduli pada
peran etika. Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa krisis ekologis yang
dihadapi umat manusia berakar dalam krisis etika atau krisis moral.
Umat manusia kurang peduli pada norma-norma kehidupan atau mengganti
norma-norma yang seharusnya dengan norma-norma ciptaan dan
kepentingannya sendiri. Manusia modern menghadapi alam hampir tanpa
menggunakan hati nurani.
Alam begitu saja dieksploitasi dan dicemari tanpa merasa bersalah.
BIOLOGI
Secara definitif lingkungan berarti semua faktor-faktor luar, fisik dan
biologis yang secara langsung berpengaruh terhadap ketahanan
hidup, pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan reproduksi organisme.
Biologi merupakan suatu ilmu yang berusaha menjelaskan mengenai
organisme dengan membagi ke dalam hirarkhi mulai dari kesatuan
unsur yang berupa molekul di dalam sel hingga lingkungan
(invironment) yang berarti ke dunia luar sekeliling suatu organisme,
demikian Haeckel memberi acuan.
Oleh karena itu membicarakan lingkungan dapat menjelaskan dunia
luar sekeliling subyek organisme yang dimaksud; apakah
mikroorganisme, tumbuhan, hewan/binatang dan/atau manusia.
Biologi lingkungan atau Ekologi menekankan bagaimana faktor-faktor
luar mempengaruhi organisme dan bagaimana pula organisme itu
mengubah keadaan sekelilingnya
(McNaughton and Wolf, 1994).
Pada tataran pengelolaan lingkungan di sekeliling kita, konsep dari
agama, dalam hal ini Islam, berusaha mendekatkan diri terhadap konsepkonsep ilmu alam dan petunjuk agama adalah sama-sama memiliki sifat
universal.
Usaha ini ditujukan kepada pemberian nilai terhadap pengelolaan
lingkungan agar tidak terjebak kepada tujuan sesaat yang terkadang
bergeser dari kepentingan keseluruhan populasi ke arah individu atau
komunitas tertentu bahkan sebuah kelompok kecil dalam berbagai aspek
kehidupan manusia.
Pengelolaan lingkungan dimaksud untuk lestarinya daya dukung
lingkungan terhadap kita dan generasi mendatang, populer dengan istilah
pembangunan berkelanjutan (sustainable development).
Diunduh dari : http://damarkota.com/amdal/lingkungn.htm..
EKOLOGI
Ekologi merupakan salah satu ilmu dasar bagi ilmu lingkungan.
Kajian ekologi melingkupi semua makhluk hidup dan benda-benda
mati yang ada di dalamnya termasuk tanah, air, udara dll.
Komponen-komponen lingkungan yang ditempati berbagai jenis
makhluk hidup tersebut saling mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi.
Ekologi mengkaji interaksi dan hubungan antara manusia dengan
lingkungan hidupnya.
GEOLOGI
Geologi lingkungan merupakan pengetahuan alam yang mempelajari bumi
meliputi bagian komposisi, keterbentukan, dan sejarahnya.
Pemahaman mengenai geologi lingkungan sebagai salah satu aspek
pengelolaan memiliki peranaan yang penting dalam kegiatan pengelolaan
lingkungan.
Geologi lingkungan itu dapat dikategorikan lagi ke dalam 3 kategori, yaitu:
Fisika yaitu geografi fisik, proses hidrologi, tipe batuan dan tanah, klimatologi,
Biologi meliputi aktivitas hewan dan tanaman, perubahan dalam proses dan
kondisi biologi, informasi biologi tentang analisis ruang; serta Sumberdaya
manusia, seperti penggunaan tanah, ekonomi, dan estetika.
DEMOGRAFI
Kependudukan atau demografi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari
dinamika kependudukan manusia.
Kajian demografi meliputi ukuran, struktur, dan distribusi penduduk,
serta bagaimana jumlah penduduk berubah setiap waktu akibat
kelahiran, kematian, migrasi, serta penuaan.
Analisis kependudukan dapat merujuk masyarakat secara
keseluruhan atau kelompok tertentu yang didasarkan kriteria seperti
pendidikan, kewarganegaraan, agama, atau etnisitas tertentu.
EKONOMI
Ekonomi lingkungan atau ilmu ekonomi lingkungan adalah ilmu yang
mempelajari perilaku atau kegiatan manusia dalam memanfaatkan Sumber
Daya Alam (SDA) dan lingkungannya yang terbatas sehingga fungsi atau
peranan SDA dan lingkungan tersebut dapat dipertahankan dan bahkan
penggunaannya dapat ditingkatkan dalam jangka panjang atau berkelanjutan.
Dari sudut pandang ekonomi, masalah lingkungan timbul, karena biaya
lingkungan tidak dimasukkan ke dalam biaya produksi, sehingga
menyebabkan kerugian bagi orang lain atau pasar.
Masalah lingkungan menyebabkan inefisiensi alokasi sumber daya alam dan
lingkungan dalam proses produksi.
Dalam konteks tersebut, SDA dan lingkungan menjadi (1)penyedia bahan
baku (2)penyedia fasilitas (3) wadah untuk limbah.
ILMU POLITIK
Ekologi Politik
Kajian ekologi politik merupakan perkembangan dari ekologi manusia dan
sosiologi lingkungan.
Ekologi manusia untuk pertama kalinya di perkenalkan oleh Haeckel pada
tahun 1866, adalah suatu ilmu yang memiliki konsep tentang hubungan
manusia (human system) dengan alam (non human system) di biosfer.
Beberapa definisi tentang ekologi politik yang asumsinya adalah sama yaitu:
environmental change and ecological conditions are (to some extent) the
product of political processes. Jika keadaan lingkungan adalah produk dari
prosesproses politik, maka tidak terlepas pula dalam hal ini adalah
keterlibatan prosesproses dialektik dalam politik ekonomi.
Ekologi politik memfokuskan pada ditingkat masyarakat lemah/miskin,
dihubungkan dengan lingkungan yang pada akhirnya melahirkan suatu
konflik.
Sedangkan isu masa depan dihubungkan untuk mengubah udara, mutu air,
proses yang berkenaan dengan kota yang dihubungkan dengan organ tubuh
manusia
DimensiDimensi Ekologi Politik atas Kehancuran Alam dan Lingkungan:
1.
2.
3.
Bryant, R.L. 1998. Power, Knowledge and Political Ecology In The Third World:
a review. Progress in Physical Geography 22(1): 79-94.
Diunduh dari : http://sansigner.wordpress.com/category/social-political-andeconomic/politik-lingkungan/..
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Materials
Renewable
Nonrenewable
EnergI
Solar capital
Photosynthesis
JASA-JASA ALAM
Fungsi-fungsi alam
Purifikasi Udara dan Air
Siklus Hara
Natural Capital
Forests
Grasslands,
rangelands
Source: Zhang, W., Rickets, T., Kremen, C., Carney, K., Swinton, S. (2007). Ecosystem
services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecological Economics, 64: 253-260.
Diunduh dari : ..
JASA-JASA:
UDARA-ATMOSFIR
The twelve atmospheric services.
Rank
In value
Atmospheric services
Usage
trend
At risk
Entity
Service type
O2, N2 etc
Provisioning
2. Protection from radiation,
plasma and meteors
+
H2O
Supporting
6 Direct use of the atmosphere for
ecosystems and agriculture
+
O
2
Provisioning8 Direct use of the atmosphere for sound,communications and transport
+
Sun, wind, clouds, snow Cultural12 Aesthetic, spiritual and sensual properties of the
atmosphere, smell and taste
+ Sky, clouds Cultural
Diunduh dari :
JASA-JASA:
TANAH
Jasa-jasa tanah untuk penggunaan lahan yang lestari
JASA-JASA:
LAHAN
Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lahan
Land is one of the most critical resources for the rural poor
dependent on farming for their livelihoods. Today, about 2 million
hectares of rainfed and irrigated agricultural lands are lost to
production every year due to severe land degradation, among other
factors.
Diunduh dari :
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTARD/0,,contentMDK:20452620~menu
PK:1308455~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336682,00.html..
JASA-JASA:
BIODIVERSITAS
Jasa-jasa yang dihasilkan Biodiversitas
Services provided by biodiversity can be broadly categorised into three areas:
Siklus Hara
The movement of elements such as nitrogen, sulphur and phosphorous
between different forms as they pass through the food chain. The elements
cycle between gas forms and compounds which are found in the soil and
living organisms. For example the nitrogen cycle; this is heavily reliant on
bacteria and involves the formation of nitrates (needed for making proteins
which are the functional molecules in all organisms) from atmospheric
nitrogen and then the break down of nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas.
The nitrogen cycle is an important part of soil formation and soil fertility.
Produksi Primer
The capturing of energy from the sun by plants and using this to convert
carbon dioxide into organic compounds. This provides food for all other
species on the planet. This is part of the carbon cycle which is being
unbalanced by the release of carbon dioxide by the burning of fossil fuels.
JASA-JASA:
RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources
such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are
renewable (naturally replenished). About 16% of global final energy
consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from
traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from
hydroelectricity.
New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar,
geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 3% and are
growing very rapidly. The share of renewables in electricity
generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming
from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.
REN21 (2011). "Renewables 2011: Global Status Report". p. 17, 18.
JASA-JASA:
NON- RENEWABLE ENERGY
Non-renewable sources of energy can be divided into two types:
fossil fuels and nuclear fuel.
1. Fossil fuels
Fossil fuels are found within the rocks of the Earth's surface. They
are called fossil fuels because they are thought to have been
formed many millions of years ago by geological processes acting
on dead animals and plants, just like fossils.
Coal, oil and natural gas are fossil fuels. Because they took millions
of years to form, once they are used up they cannot be replaced.
2. Nuclear fuel
Nuclear fuel makes use of the radioactivity of some elements. The
nucleus in the atom may spontaneously break down to release
energy and produce fast-moving particles, atoms of other elements.
The fast-moving particles that are ejected can also strike other
atoms, causing them to break down.
Placing the atoms close together in a fuel rod means that atoms are
more likely to be struck by these particles, and so produce more
nuclear reactions. As the reactions proceed heat is produced. The
task of a nuclear reactor is to control the reaction so that a steady
flow of heat is produced.
Trade-offs (compromises)
Sound science
Individuals matter
Ideas
Technology
Political pressure
Economic pressure
Ekonomi
Pertumbuhan ekonomi
Produk domestik bruto = Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
Per capita GDP PPP
Pembangunan Ekonomi
Negara-negara maju
Negara sedang berkembang
Global Outlook
Diunduh dari : ..
Percentage of World's:
18%
Population
82%
Population 0.1%
growth
1.5%
Life
expectancy
77 years
66 years
Wealth and
income
85%
15%
Resource
use
88%
12%
Pollution
and waste
75%
25%
Diunduh dari : ..
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
Hasil Lestari
Penggunaan maksimum sambil mempertahankan suplai
Degradasi Lingkungan
Melampaui batas laju pembaharuan alamiah
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
PEMANASAN GLOBAL
The 2007 IPCC report examined data on numerous changes
to natural systems that have already been observed, as well
as the potential for future impacts.
A climate that's already changing
Current environmental impacts and prospects for the fut
ure
Changes in weather
Heat and heat waves
Rain, snow, and drought Stormy weather
Changes in ecosystems
Polar and mountainous regions Plant life
Wildlife
POLUSI UDARA
Environmental Effects of Air Pollution
1. Acid rain is precipitation containing harmful amounts of nitric and sulfuric
acids. These acids are formed primarily by nitrogen oxides and sulfur
oxides released into the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned.
2. Eutrophication is a condition in a water body where high concentrations
of nutrients (such as nitrogen) stimulate blooms of algae, which in turn
can cause fish kills and loss of plant and animal diversity. Air emissions
of nitrogen oxides from power plants, cars, trucks, and other sources
contribute to the amount of nitrogen entering aquatic ecosystems.
3. Haze is caused when sunlight encounters tiny pollution particles in the
air. Haze obscures the clarity, color, texture, and form of what we see.
Some haze-causing pollutants (mostly fine particles) are directly emitted
to the atmosphere by sources such as power plants, industrial facilities,
trucks and automobiles, and construction activities.
4. Effects on wildlife. Toxic pollutants in the air, or deposited on soils or
surface waters, can impact wildlife in a number of ways. Like humans,
animals can experience health problems if they are exposed to sufficient
concentrations of air toxics over time. Studies show that air toxics are
contributing to birth defects, reproductive failure, and disease in animals.
5. Ozone depletion. Ozone is a gas that occurs both at ground-level and in
the Earth's upper atmosphere, known as the stratosphere. At ground
level, ozone is a pollutant that can harm human health. In the
stratosphere, however, ozone forms a layer that protects life on earth
from the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays. But this "good" ozone is
gradually being destroyed by man-made chemicals referred to as ozonedepleting substances, including chlorofluorocarbons,
hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and halons.
6. Crop and forest damage. Air pollution can damage crops and trees in a
variety of ways.Ground-level ozone can lead to reductions in agricultural
crop and commercial forest yields, reduced growth and survivability of
tree seedlings, and increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests and
other environmental stresses (such as harsh weather).
7. Global climate change. The Earth's atmosphere contains a delicate
balance of naturally occurring gases that trap some of the sun's heat
near the Earth's surface. This "greenhouse effect" keeps the Earth's
temperature stable.
Diunduh dari : http://www.mass.gov/dep/air/aq/env_effects.htm ..
EROSI TANAH
Erosion affects the environment in a number of ways, such as the
falling of trees, the flooding of forests, destruction from wind erosion,
and a number of others.
Direct impacts of erosion on environment included on-site and off-site impacts.
The on-site impacts were that soil layer became thin, soil structure was
deteriorated and soil nutrients decreased. The off-site impacts were that water
bodies were polluted. The indirect impacts of soil erosion on environment were
the increase of fertilizer application and energy consumption, and change of
adaptability of land uses. Although erosion intensity was not serious in the
study area, its environmental impacts should not be ignored because of great
soil nutrient loss and coarseness of soil particles.
University of Florida , Soil and Water Science Department
Erosion Impacts on Soil and Environmental Quality: Vertisols in the Highlands Region of
Ethiopia
Louis Philor and Samira H. Daroub (April, 2011 ).
PEMBUKAAN HUTAN
The Effect of Deforestation
Environment change
One major effect of deforestation is climate change. Changes to the
surroundings done by deforestation work in many ways. One, there is abrupt
change in temperatures in the nearby areas. Forests naturally cool down
because they help retain moisture in the air.
Second is the long process of global climate change. As mentioned above,
deforestation has been found to contribute to global warming or that process
when climates around the world become warmer as more harmful rays of the
sun comes in through the atmosphere.
The ozone layer is a mass of oxygen or O3 atoms that serves as shield in the
atmosphere against the harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun. Because ozone
is made up of oxygen atoms, oxygen react with carbon monoxide. Such
reaction would use up oxygen atoms.
It follows that when there are more carbon monoxide atoms going to the
atmosphere, the volume of oxygen would decline. Such is the case of ozone
depletion.
The third effect to the environment would be on the water table underneath
the ground. Water table is the common source of natural drinking water by
people living around forests.
Water table is replenishing. That means, the supply of water underground
could also dry up if not replenished regularly. When there is rain, forests hold
much of the rainfall to the soil through their roots.
Thus, water sinks in deeper to the ground, and eventually replenishing the
supply of water in the water table. Now, imagine what happens when there is
not enough forests anymore. Water from rain would simply flow through the
soil surface and not be retained by the soil.
Or other than that, the water from rain would not stay in the soil longer, for the
process of evaporation would immediately set in. Thus, the water table is not
replenished, leading to drying up of wells.
Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/510236
KEPUNAHAN SPESIES
Effects on the environment when species extinct?
If a species goes extinct, anything it used to eat (be it plants or
animals) now has one less predator and their numbers will increase.
If they increase too much unchecked by their predators they may
use too many resources and cause their own starvation. Another
animal may start eating them, though -- since now they don't have to
compete with the old species anymore.
Also, any animal which was a predator to the now-extinct species
has lost a food source. They may have to find something else to eat
or starve themselves into extinction, too.
Read more:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Effects_on_the_environment_when_species_extinc
t#ixzz22F4lNAl2
DEPLESI AQUIFER
Aquifer Depletion is an Urban and Rural Problem
By Wade Shepard on November 27, 2011,
An aquifer is an underground layer of permeable or fractured rock or porous
materials such as sand, silt, or gravel that can contain ground water.
Generally, the water sits between the pores or fractures in the sediments and
can be pumped up to the surface through wells.
While aquifers do replenish, or recharge, over time by rain and land water,
the process is often very slow and whether aquifers can truly be
considered renewable resources is a matter for debate. When ground water
is extracted from an aquifer faster than it can be replenished a process called
over draft occurs, and the water table begins to lower. The result from
excessive over draft can lead to subsidence, the lowering of ground levels in
relation to a depleting aquifer.
A major problem with urban groundwater depletion is that, like in agriculture,
much of the water that is being pumped up from the ground never returns to
the aquifer. In urban areas, much of the extracted well water, after use, is
deposited into sewer systems that eventually lead to oceans or large seas
rather than back into the local aquifer.
PENCEMARAN AIR
How does water pollution affect our environment?
The contamination of water bodies has tremendous negative impact on environment, it has
ability to destroy many animal habitats, and cause irreparable damage to many ecosystems.
1. Water pollution is not only killing millions of people around the globe each year, it is also
killing millions of plants and animals that simply cannot cope with the increasing levels of
water pollution caused by different chemicals and other waste.
2. In some areas of the world water pollution issue is totally out of control, and in these areas
polluted water spreads different toxins and other chemicals into environment, making it
dirty, and above all unhealthy place to live in.
The aquatic life is mostly affected with water pollution, and water pollution can even lead
to an extinction of some animal species.
3. Chemical compounds and other water pollutants cause aquatic animals difficulties with
breathing while on the other hand these chemicals can also be quite toxic for land animals
once they drink this polluted water.
4. Polluted water is also one of the major contributing factors to acid rain creation, and
generally speaking this is certainly one of the biggest environmental problems.
Here are the things world needs to do in order to solve water pollution issue:
1. Strict laws and frequent monitoring of water bodies in order to avoid scenarios that include
huge quantities of different chemicals being discharged either directly or indirectly into our
rivers, lakes, and streams.
2. Better education of the people. People, especially the ones living in developing countries,
need to be more educated and learn that water is the most precious resource in our planet.
3. Enable more funds to adequately treat waste water and sewage waste.
4. Frequent chemical, biological and physical testing of different water bodies in order to
prevent water pollution from reaching higher levels.
5. Massive fines for industries and people that purposely dump waste and other chemicals into
different water bodies.
6. More wastewater treatment facilities so that there is more water discharged back into the
environment without posing threat to our health and our environment. World also needs to
force wastewater treatment facilities to pull more pollutants from their discharge.
7. Decrease the amount of pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture because advanced
agriculture based on heavy use of different chemicals is one of the main factors behind
growing water pollution issue.
8. Cleaning up polluted rivers and other polluted water bodies. Cleaning polluted water bodies
is very expensive procedure but this is really a small price to pay when considering harmful
effects of polluted water to our heath and our environment.
9. Better use of science. Science needs to focus more on finding the new "revolutionary"
solution to clean polluted water bodies such as for instance using carbon nanotubes to clean
polluted water.
10. Water pollution needs to be tackled at both regional as well as global level because all
environmental issues are becoming global and water pollution issue is certainly no exception.
Diunduh dari : http://pollutionarticles.blogspot.com/2010/12/how-does-water-pollution-affectour.html..
2.
3.
The destruction of life in the oceans has progressed farther than anyone had
suspected, according to a new report in SCIENCE magazine.[1] The causes are
overfishing and pollution,[2] but the focus of the new report is overfishing alone.
SCIENCE is the voice of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
(AAAS).
The world's catch of ocean fish peaked in 1989 and has been declining since. In the
early 1990s, scientists reported that 13 of the world's 17 major fisheries were
depleted or in steep decline.[2] Typical is the Grand Banks fishery off the shallow
coast of Newfoundland in the north Atlantic. There, after 350 years of commercial
exploitation, the haddock, cod and flounder have all but disappeared and the fishery
was officially closed a few years ago.
The depletion of the world's most popular fish species has set off three trends, each
of which is adding to the oceans' troubles: (1) fisherman are adopting new
technologies that (2) allow them to fish in deeper waters, and (3) they are fishing
lower on the food chain.
CAUSES OF OVERFISHING
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The problem of overfishing is being fueled by an increase in demand for fish that in turn is
fueled by increased affluence (more people can afford fish as they become richer) and
people eating fish for health reasons. Almost a billion people rely on fish for protein.
Fish that not so long ago hardly anybody wanted except Japan now are in high demand
and cooperatives and trading companies in a number of countries are competing to
acquire them, driving up their price.
The biggest consumers of herring, mackerel, anchovies and sardines are agriculture and
aquiculture for feed for farmed fish and protein sources for pigs and cattle
Companies out to please their shareholders fish only for immediate profit, exploiting every
loophole to continue.
Poor regulation and monitoring are serious problems. Fishing boats routinely report false
data on their catches.
Despite plummeting fish stocks overfishing is accelerating around the globe, encouraged
in part by $30 billion in annual subsidies for fishing boats, fuel and other assistance, with
the biggest subsidies found in Asia and Europe.
MENGUKUR DAMPAK
X LINGKUNGAN
Ecological footprint
Biological capacity to replenish resources and adsorb
waste and pollution
Per capita ecological footprint
Renewable resource use per individual
Define Ecological Footprint
By Frederick s Blackmon, eHow Contributor
The ecological footprint helps scientists and businesses calculate the ecological impact of their
consumption needs. Countries like the US, Japan and the UK use more global resources than
their individual lands can provide. These nations are said to have an ecological deficit. On the
other hand, countries like Mongolia, Gabon and Australia are in ecological reserve.
Read more: Define Ecological Footprint | eHow.com
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5478626_define-ecological-footprint.html#ixzz22clYUw4D
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
Identification
The ecological footprint represents the amount of land and ocean
required per year by a population for its resources, that will allow those
resources to be renewed, and that can also absorb the waste
generated.
Calculation
The concept of the ecological footprint can be used for individuals,
communities, countries and other population groupings. The net
consumption of the population in question is calculated; import is
included and export is subtracted.
Limitations
The ecological footprint is perhaps the best current measure of
humanity's impact on the environment, but it has a number of
limitations. The ecological footprint only focuses on renewable
resources, and it only partially addresses the use of fossil fuels.
Biocapacity
Humanity's ecological footprint is exceeding its biocapacity by over a
third. The Redefining Progress website reports in its Footprint Analysis
that mankind is exceeding its ecological limit by thirty-nine percent.
Unit of Measure
The unit of measure commonly used to express an ecological footprint
is the global hectare. One global hectare is equal to approximately two
and a half acres.
History
The term "ecological footprint" was conceived in 1990 by William Rees
and Mathis Wackernagel at the University of British Columbia. Now, the
ecological footprint is used by businesses and scientists to measure
and monitor ecological reserves.
Ecological Footprint
Diunduh dari : ..
Projected footprint
Earths
ecological
capacity
Ecological footprint
Diunduh dari : ..
3.
4.
PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
Apakah Pencemaran?
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Dampak negatif akibat pencemaran lingkungan
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into
the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential
to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been
recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems. Air Pollution
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause
harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment, into
the atmosphere. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential
to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been
recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.
Ohio Pollution
Prevention and
Waste
Minimization
Planning
Guidance Manual
"A pollution
prevention
program involves
developing and
implementing a
continuous strategy
to address all waste
generated by a
facility and
procedures for
prioritizing and
systematically
reducing these
wastes.
Temporary
Growth in consumption may offset technology
Moves pollutant from one place to another
Burial
Incineration
Dispersed pollutants costly to clean up
AKAR MASALAH
PROBLEMATIK LINGKUNGAN
PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK
How Global Population Growth is Creating Serious
Environmental Problems
Population growth causes problems from water scarcity to species extinction
Diunduh dari :
KEMISKINAN
Schematic representation of dimensions of poverty
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plants, shrubs and grass species falls under producers because they can
generate their own food by a process called photosynthesis. Consumers are
those which depends on producers for their food. Lion, deer, tiger, bear, zebra,
rat, fox and other animals falls into this category.
Now suppose if the number of producers decline over the period of time. It will
affect the consumers who depend directly on producers and those who depend
on other consumers for their food. What happens is the instability of the system
and probably the extinction of some of species.
Though the ecosystem can recover the damage, but that is slow and time bound.
But it can happen only if the rate of recovery is equal to the rate of damage. Once
the rate of damage exceeds the rate of recovery, the ecosystem loses its power
to recover. It is called carrying capacity.
Diunduh dari : http://www.environmentabout.com/761/what-is-carrying-capacity-ofenvironment-and-ecosystem..
Diunduh dari : ..
4.
5.
Harmful effects
High consumption and waste of resources
Advertising more makes you happy
Beneficial effects
Concern for environmental quality
Provide money for environmental causes
Reduced population growth
Diunduh dari :
Examples
Clear-cutting + habitat loss
Commercial fishing + depletion of fish stocks
Tax breaks
Subsidies
Environmental Viewpoints
Environmental worldview
Environmental ethics
Planetary management worldview
Stewardship worldview
Environmental wisdom worldview
Social capital
Social capital
Social capital framework
Basing our framing and use of social capital within the social justice and social
inclusion perspective we emphasise that social capital is a resource, and based
upon an extensive literature review of existing research we have developed a multifaceted framework.
This framework contains those key features of social capital most supported by
research literature (e.g. participation in networks, trust, diversity) and contains
factors which were seen as related to social capital or which might influence the
enhancement and development of social capital (i.e. sense of belonging, outlook in
life)
Environmental science is a study of how the earth works, how we interact with
the earth, and how to deal with environmental problems.
2.
3.
4.
5.
your capital. If you spend $200,000 a year, your $1 million will be gone
early in the 7th year and even if you spend only $110,000 a year, you will
be bankrupt early in the 18th year.
The lesson here is an old one: Protect your capital and live off the income
it provides. Deplete, waste, or squander your capital, and you move from
a sustainable to an unsustainable lifestyle.
The same lesson applies to the earths natural capital. According to many
environmentalists and leading scientists, we are living unsustainably by
wasting, depleting, and degrading the earths natural capital at an
accelerating rate.
Some people disagree. They contend that environmentalists have
exaggerated the seriousness of population, resource, and environmental
problems. They also believe we can overcome these problems by human
ingenuity, economic growth, and technological advances.
Nature exists for all species, not just for us and we are not in charge of the
earth.
The earths resources are limited, should not be wasted, and are not all for us.
We should encourage earth-sustaining forms of economic growth and
discourage earth-degrading forms.
Our success depends on learning how the earth sustains itself and integrating
such lessons from nature (environmental wisdom) into the ways we think and
act.
2.
3.
4.
planetary management
worldview . Here are the basic
environmental beliefs of this
worldview:
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
4.
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ENERGI MATAHARI
What is solar energy?
Solar Energy is the energy received from the sun that sustains life
on earth. For many decades solar energy has been considered as a
huge source of energy and also an economical source of energy
because it is freely available. However, it is only now after years of
research that technology has made it possible to harness solar
energy.
Some of the modern Solar Energy systems consist of magnifying glasses
along with pipes filled with fluid. These systems consist of frontal glass that
focuses the suns light onto the pipes. The fluid present in the pipes heats
up instantly. In addition they pipes are painted black on the outside so as to
absorb maximum amount of heat. The pipes have reflective silver surface
on the back that reflects the sunlight back, thus heating the pipes further.
This reflective silver surface also helps in protecting everything that is on
the back of the solar panel.
BIODIVERSITAS
Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given
species, ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a
measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a
function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are
typically rich whereas polar regions support fewer species.
SIKLUS HARA
In biology, the nutrient cycle is a concept that describes how
nutrients move from the physical environment into living organisms,
and subsequently are recycled back to the physical environment.
This movement of nutrients, essential for life, from the environment
into plants and animals and back again, is a vital function of the
ecology of any region.
In any particular environment, the nutrient cycle must be balanced
and stable if the organisms that live in that environment are to
flourish and be maintained in a constant population.
PENGENDALIAN POPULASI
Periodic increases in human population and carrying capacity.
The progressive increases in agricultural production generally required more
effort to structure ecosystems so that a larger share of their biological
production was channelled to human consumption. This is the principle of no
free lunch. Every choice has advantages and disadvantages. Every gain has
its costs. One of the costs of more food is more work.
Diunduh dari : ..
PENCEMARAN LINGKUNGAN
Pencemaran lingkungan adalah suatu keadaan lingkungan
tanah,air, dan udara dimana yang semulanya bersih menjadi kotor
yang merupakan dampak yang sangat serius bagi keadaan bumi
dan juga bagi kesehatan makhluk hidup yang hidup disekitarnya.
Pencemaran air
Suatu perubahan keadaan air yang disebabkan oleh sampahsampah, maupun limbah pabrik yang dapat merusak ekosistem laut
dan dapat berbahaya bagi manusia apabila kita menggunakan air
tersebut untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari.
PERLINDUNGAN SPESIES
Human-animal chimeras for vaccine development: an
endangered species or opportunity for the developing
world?
Anant Bhan, Peter A Singer and Abdallah S Daar
BMC International Health and Human Rights 2010, 10:8
PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Penanganan Limbah Cair.
Air limbah yang belum mengalami pengolahan dapat dipastikan mengandung
banyak komponen komponen yang tidak diinginkan, Bila dibuang ke
lingkungan perairan. Beberapa diantaranya akan memunculkan masalah
kekurangan oksigen. Sementara yang lainnya mungkin merangsang
pertumbuhan mikrorganisme tertentu seperti alga.
Komponen komponen tersebut terdiri atas bahan organik maupun
anorganik baik bahan terlarut maupun tidak terlarut. Dengan demikian
karakteristik air limbah merupakan hal penting sebelum memulai proses
seleksi dan perancangan. Air limbah diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu
limbah industri dan air limbah perkotaan. Kedua jenis air limbah ini secara
bersama sama sering di buang di saluran saluran yang sama maupun ke
badan badan air seperti sungai sungai.
PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH
Penanganan Limbah Gas.
Limbah gas yang berupa uap air atau gas karbondioksida dapat dibuang ke
udara langsung melalui asap yang tinggi. Limbah gas yang membahayakan
seperti SO ( Belerang Dioksida ) dapat ditangani dengan cara tertentu.
Sejumlah proses dilakukan dengan pemisahan partikel pyrite yang
merupakan sumber belerang dioksida dan batu bara. Pembakaran batu
bara dalam tempat yang dialasi butiran butiran halus dari batu kapur atau
dolomite akan mampu menyerap gas belerang oksida. Gas polutan
dipanaskan terlebih dahulu dan dimasukkan ke dalam tungku perapian,
dimana batu kapur akan bereaksi dengan belerang dioksida (SO2) dan
oksigen (O2)untuk menghasilkan kalsium sulfat (CaSO4 atau gips). Proses
ini dapat memisahkan sekitar 20-30% sulfur oksida. Senyawa sulfat, abu
terbang, dan kapur yang tidak bereaksi mengalir melalui pre-heater sebelum
memasuki wet scrubber, agar senyawa tersebut dapat mengalami kontak
dengan air . Efisiensi pemisahan yang dapat tercapai adalah sebesar 80%
untuk SO2 dan 98% untuk zat partikulat.
DEGRADASI LINGKUNGAN
Environmental degradation can lead to a scarcity of resources, such as water and
farmable.
Extreme weather events, such as severe flooding, increase the spread of
waterborne diseases, such as malaria and diarrhoea.
The effects of the major environmental problems on both health and productivity are:
1. Water pollution and water scarcity: As per the estimation of UN, more than
two million deaths and billions of illnesses a year are attributable to water
pollution. Water scarcity compounds these health problems. Productivity is
affected by the costs of providing safe water, by constraints on economic activity
caused by water shortages, and by the adverse effects of water pollution and
shortages on other environmental resources such as, declining fisheries and
acquifer depletion leading to irreversible compaction.
2. Air pollution: As per the estimation of UN, urban air pollution is responsible for
300,000700,000 deaths annually and creates chronic health problems for
many more people. Restrictions on vehicles and industrial activity during critical
periods affect productivity, as does the effect of acid rain on forests and water
bodies.
3. Solid and hazardous wastes: Diseases are spread by uncollected garbage
and blocked drains; the health risks from hazardous wastes are typically more
localized, but often acute. Wastes affect productivity through the pollution of
groundwater resources.
4. Soil degradation: Depleted soils increase the risks of malnutrition for farmers.
Productivity losses on tropical soils are estimated to be in the range of 0.5-1.5
per cent of GNP, while secondary productivity losses are due to siltation of
reservoirs, transportation channels and other hydrologic investments.
5. Deforestation: Death and disease can result from the localized flooding caused
by deforestation. Loss of sustainable logging potential and of erosion
prevention, watershed stability and carbon sequestration provided by forests are
among the productivity impacts of deforestation.
6. Loss of biodiversity: The extinction of plant and animal species will potentially
affect the development of new drugs; it will reduce ecosystem adaptability and
lead to the loss of genetic resources.
7. Atmospheric changes: Ozone depletion is responsible for perhaps 300,000
additional cases of skin cancer a year and 1.7 million cases of cataracts. Global
warming may lead to increase in the risk of climatic natural disasters.
Productivity impacts may include sea-rise damage to coastal investments,
regional changes in agricultural productivity and disruption of the marine food
chain.
Diunduh dari : http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2008/08/18/effects-ofenvironmental-degradation/ ..
EKSPLOITASI
SUMBERDAYA ALAM
FOREST EXPLOITATION
Definition:
Forests have been exploited over the centuries as a source of wood and for
obtaining land for agricultural use. The mismanagement of forest lands and
forest resources has led to a situation where the forest is now in rapid retreat.
The main aspects of the situation are: serious shortages in the supply of
industrial wood; the catastrophic erosion and floods accompanying the
stripping of forests from mountainous land; the acute shortages of fuel wood
in much of the developing world; the spread of desert conditions at an
alarming rate in the arid and semi-arid regions of the world; and the many
environmental effects of the destruction of tropical rainforests. (Source: WPR)
PERTUMBUHAN PENDUDUK
How Global Population Growth is Creating Serious
Environmental Problems
Population growth causes problems from water scarcity to
species extinction
From Earth Talk.
Diunduh dari :
Diunduh dari :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002720..
MODAL ALAM
VALUES AND ATTRIBUTES OF NATURALCAPITAL
De Groot (1992) has identified nine different types of values of
environmental functions, grouped under the three dimensions of
sustainable development:
1. Ecological (conservation and existence values).
2. Social (human health, personal, community and option values).
3. Economic (consumptive, productive and employment values).
These values are a direct source of human welfare. Conservation
value principally resides in the regulation life-support functions.
Existence value reflects the welfare people derive from simply
knowing that some environmental function, or part of nature, exists.
Many environmental functions contribute directly or indirectly to
human health. Many environmental functions, especially the habitat
and information functions, contribute to community well-being.
Option value derives from the concerns that people have to maintain
environmental functions for possible use by future generations.
The economic values of consumptive and productive use mainly
derive from the source and sink environmental functions.
Employment values derive also from the service environmental
functions (e.g. the dependence of much tourism on unspoilt natural
areas).
Sumber: Ecological Economics. Volume 44, Issues 23, March 2003, Pages
165185
Diunduh dari :
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800902002720..
MODAL ALAM
Environmental functions and attributes: human influences and welfare.
There are social, economic,
ethical and environmental
influences on the
naturalcapital stock, the
elements of which are matter,
energy and ecosystems,
which include humancultivated ecosystems (e.g.
plantation forests, crops).
These elements are caught
up in natural processes which
sustain the ecosystems and
all life within them, which are
collectively called the
functions of naturalcapital
and which may also be
described as regulation,
habitat or life-support
functions.
They both sustain ecosystems
and give them resilience.
ANALISIS EKO-EFISIENSI
What is eco-efficiency?
The purpose of Eco-Efficiency Analysis is to harmonize economy and
ecology. BASF SE in Ludwigshafen, Germany, is the first chemical company
to develop this method for use in its business activities. BASF started to
develop this inhouse tool in 1996. To date, more than 400 different products
and manufacturing processes have been analyzed using the new method.
Eco-Efficiency Analysis is applied in order to use as few materials and energy
as possible in producing our products and to keep emissions as low as
possible. At the same time, our products can help our customers conserve
resources and save energy. Eco-efficiency analyses are offered to BASF
business units and to external customers as well.
Ecological Footprint
ANALISIS EKO-EFISIENSI
Economic analysis
Economic and ecological data are plotted on an x/y graph. The costs are
shown on the horizontal axis and the environmental impact is shown on the
vertical axis. The graph reveals the eco-efficiency of a product or process
compared to other products or processes. And it allows us to look into the
future, since Eco-Efficiency Analysis is utilized in making strategic decisions
and it also helps detect and exploit potential ecological and economic
improvements.