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CORROSION and
DEGRADATION
Introduction
orrosion of Metals
Cost:
orrosion of Metals
For metallic materials, the corrosion process is
normally electrochemical; chemical reaction in
which there is transfer of electrons from one
chemical
species
Metal
atoms
lose to
oranother.
give up electrons in what is
called an oxidation reaction.
For example, the hypothetical metal M that
has a valence of n (or n valence electrons) may
experience oxidation according to the reaction:
-- oxidation reaction:
-- reduction reaction:
Zn Zn 2 2e
2H 2e H2 (gas)
H+
Oxidation reaction
Zn Zn2+
H+
Zinc
flow of e
2ein the metal
H+
H+ +
H
H+
H2(gas)
H+
reduction reaction
Acid
solution
-- acidic solution
O2 4H 4e 2H2O
Rusting
he Galvanic Series
more cathodic
(inert)
more anodic
(active)
alvanic Series
Platinum
Gold
Graphite
Titanium
Silver
316 Stainless Steel (passive)
Nickel (passive)
Copper
Nickel (active)
Tin
Lead
316 Stainless Steel (active)
Iron/Steel
Aluminum Alloys
Cadmium
Zinc
Magnesium
he Galvanic Series
The alloys near the
top are cathodic and
unreactive, whereas
those at the bottom
are most anodic; no
are
voltages
Two
notable
provided.
exceptions are the
noble metals gold
and platinum.
For them, oxidation
in
most
environments is not
favorable,
and,
therefore, they may
Forms of Corrosion
Uniform attack
Galvanic corrosion
Crevice corrosion
Pitting corrosion
Intergranular
Selective-leaching
Erosion-corrosion
Stress corrosion
Forms
of
corrosion
g.b.
prec.
attacked
zones
steels
to
are
pitting
Stress
Cracking
Corrosion Environments
Atmosphere, aqueous solutions, soils, acids,
bases, inorganic solvents, molten salts,
liquid metals, human body, etc.
Moisture containing dissolved oxygen is a
corrosion agent S compounds, NaCl may
contribute
Seawater (producing pitting and crevice
corrosion)
is
more
corrosive
than
freshwater.
Cast iron, steel, Al, Cu, brass, and some
stainless steels are suitable for freshwater
use
Corrosion Prevention
Material Selection
Environmental Alteration
Design
Coatings
Cathodic Protection
Changing the character of environment
Lowering the fluid T, velocity
Changing the concentration of species
Metallic or nonmetallic coatings, films are
physical barrier for corrosion
Cathodic protection of
an
underground
pipeline using a Mg
sacrificial anode
An underground tank
using an impressed
current.
Source of e- is an
impressed current from
an external dc power
source
for
an
underground tank.
The (-) terminal of the
An underground tank
power
source
is
using an impressed
connected
to
the
current.
A current path exists structure
btw the cathode
andbe
to
anode through the intervening
soil, completing
protected.
the electrical circuit.
The other terminal is joined to an inert anode
(often graphite), which is, in this case, buried in the
soil; high conductivity backfill material provides
good electrical contact btw the anode and