Detection and classification of Rice plant diseases

Faculty of Technology
Dharmsinh Desai University
Nadiad.
Prepared By
Mr. Jitesh P. shah
M.Tech - I.T.
ID: 14MFPOS008
Faculty of Technology
DDU, Nadiad

Guided By
Prof(Dr.). Harshad B. Prajapati
Information Technology Department
Faculty of Technology
DDU, Nadiad

Introduction
Rice is one of the most important food crops in the
world.
Rice is often infected by some diseases caused by
some pathogens including fungi, bacteria and
viruses.
These diseases result in great economic loss to
farmers every year .

Introduction
Types of Rice Diseases
Bacterial Leaf Blight
Leaf Scald
Node Blight
Sheath Blight
Brown Spot

Brown spot

Rice Blast

Sheath blight

Leaf Scald

Node Blast

Introduction
Classification of Diseases or Diseases stages
Disease Type

Stage

Shape

Leaf Blast
A-Type

Early

Round, elliptic

Middle

Spindle, diamond

Last

Spindle, diamond

Leaf Blast
B-type

All

Small round, elliptic ,dot type

Sheath Blight

Early
Middle

Elliptic
Elliptic, long elliptic

Brown spot

Early

Elliptic, round

Middle

Elliptic, round

Last

Elliptic, round

Motivation for Research Work

in Asia 120 to 200 million tons of rice is lost yearly
due to disease, insects, and weed in the rice plant.
Farmers are not aware about some of the disease
& its remedies.

Motivation for research work

Production of rice in Gujarat in last
two years

Source : www.thehindubusinessline.com/.../article4175068.ece

Steps to detect and classify diseases

Objective of research work

1. Study of rice diseases
2. To develop an automatic rice diseases detection
system using image processing and machine
learning techniques.

Scope of research
The user of the system is paddy farmers.
Image characteristics
Dimensions : 2085 357
Format : JPEG
Total 125 Images in database including
24
29
30
42

images of healthy leaf

images of bacterial leaf blight
images of node blast
images of brown spot

Scope of research
The images are captured with white background.

We will detect four types of Rice Diseases:

Brown spot
Bacterial leaf blight
Leaf scald
Node blast

The system will be working offline.

Scope of research
Steps

Techniques to be used

Image Preprocessing

Image Cropping, noise removal using

wiener Filter

Image segmentation

K-means clustering

Feature Extraction

Grey level co-occurrence matrix

Classification

Support Vector Machine

Scope of research
Feature considered to classify the diseases
Color features
mean
standard deviation
Texture Features
variance, homogeneity, contrast, dissimilarity, entropy,
second moment, correlation
Shape features
Area, perimeter ,radius

Scope of research
Shape
Area
Perimeter
Radius

Image Preprocessing

Image Preprocessing

Image Preprocessing

Image segmentation
Divide image into sub regions or objects.
Segment specific part from image.

Image segmentation

K-means Clustering

Feature Extraction
Three Features
Color
Shape
Texture

Feature Extraction
Feature values are main attributes to classify
diseases.
Color features
mean
standard deviation

Texture Features
variance, homogeneity, contrast, dissimilarity, entropy, second
moment, correlation

Shape features
Area, perimeter ,radius

Feature Extraction
Grey level Co occurrence
matrix

Classification

Literature Review
Survey on
Rice diseases
Image processing Techniques used for disease detection
Classification Techniques used for classifying diseases

Survey is carried out on following criteria:

Dataset
No. of classes(diseases)
Image processing steps
Segmentation techniques
No. of features
Geographical region
Image characteristics
Classifier
Accuracy

Name

Image
processing
techniques
survey
Dataset
No of
Image processing steps Segmentat features
classes(Dise
ases)

ion
Digitization,segmenatation,featu Sobel method
re extraction

Geographical
region

An Image Recognition
System for Crop
Disease
Identification of Paddy
fields
Application of support
vector machine for
detecting rice
diseases using shape
and
colour texture features
Automated rice leaf
disease detection
using color image
analysis

50 images

Rice Blast,
Rice Sheath
blight, Brown
spot

72 samples of each
disease,
uncompressed jpeg
format

rice bacterial leaf Resolution

blight, rice
reduction,segmentation,
sheath blight and
rice
blast

Otsus method Shape,textu Fuyang,

re
Zhejiang, China

Not specified

Brown spot, leaf

scald

Thresholding

color

Not specified

Classification of rice
plant leaf
Diseases using feature
matching
Classification Methods
Based on Pattern
Discrimination
Models for Web-Based
Diagnosis of Rice
Diseases

6 images for each

disease

Leaf Brown
Spot,Sheath rot,
Rice Blast

Fermi energy
based
segmentation

Colour,
shape

Not specified

425 images of each

disease

Leaf blast,sheath Image compression, Region of

Thresholding
blight,brown spot interest(ROI) selection, calculate
colour spectra, threshold value

Shape and
colors

Not specified

1) HS histogram extraction of
healthy leaf image
2) Major colors extraction of
diseased leaf images
a. Rice leaf image segmentation
b. Outlier detection
c. Clustering
Segmentation, Feature
Extraction, Rough set Theory

Color,textur Sri lanka

e,shape

Image processing techniques survey

6

Classification of
Not specified
rice disease using
Digital image
processing and svm
Classifier

Classification of Rice
Leaf Diseases Based
on
Morphological
Changes

Computer based tools 140 samples

to locate and measure
the disease
Infected area of rice
leaves

Extraction of the Rice

Leaf Disease Image
Based on
BP Neural Network

1
0

Identification of
Diseases in Rice Plant
(Oryza
Sativa) using Back
Propagation Artificial
Neural
Network

Leaf blast

Preprocessing with Weiner

filter,segmentation,feature
selection and extraction

K-means
clustering

Texture

Not specified

Preprocessing with image

enhancement,segmentation,Fe
ature selection and
extraction,Classification of
uninfected and diseased leaf

Otsus
method

Shape,colo
r

East midnapur, south

Bengal,india

Not specified

identification of disease
infected portion, calculation of
disease infected area
and total leaf area.

Not specified

shape

Bangladesh

20 samples

Rice Brown spot

Feature Extraction

Not specified

Color

northern part
of Ningxia Hui

55
images for
Bacterial leaf
Blight, 37 images
for Brown Spot,
and, 42 images for
Rice Blast

Bacterial leaf
blight,brown
spot,Rice Blast

Image enhancement,image
segmentation,Feature
Extraction

Thresholding
with otsus
methodmaski
ng

Color,
shape

Los Banos, Laguna,

Philippines.

500 images of each Blast, Brown

disease
spot

Image processing techniques survey

11

Texture
Analysis for
Diagnosing
Paddy Disease

72
images

Blast, Brown
spot, narrow
brown spot

12

Rice diseases
classification
using feature
selection and
rule generation
techniques
Rule Set
Generation
using Rough Set
Theory for Rice
Disease
Classification
Rice Disease
Spots Extraction
Based on
Machine Vision
Paddy Diseases
Identification
with Texture
Analysis
using Fractal
Descriptors
Based on Fourier
Spectrum

500
infected
images

Leaf Brown spot,

Rice Blast, Sheath
rot, Bacterial
Blight

30
Diseased
images

13

14

15

Preprocessing with
silhouette
method,segmentation,feat
ure
extraction,classification
Segmentation,Feature
Extraction,classification

Gray level
threshold
segmentation

Shape,Color

Malaysia

Fermi Energy Based Color,Shape,Position

Region
segmentation

Not Specified

Leaf Brown spot,

Rice Blast,
Bacterial Blight

Preprocessing,Feature
Selection, Dimension
Reduction

No segmentation

Color,Texture

Not Specified

300
Infected
Images

Rice Blast,Sheath
Blight

Grey Level transformation,

Segmentation

Self-adaption
Threshold
Segmentation

Color

Fuyang City ,
Zhejiang,China

40
images
With
each
disease

(leaf blast, brown Not specified

spot, bacterial leaf
blight, and
tungro

Not specified

Texture

Laladon and
Cipanas,
West Java,
Indonesia

Literature survey

Name

An Image Recognition 1.
System for Crop Disease
Identification of Paddy 2.
fields
3.
4.
Application of support 1.
vector
machine
for
detecting rice diseases
using shape and
colour texture features
2.
3.

Image description
Captured with digital
camera
200x267
pixel
dimension with 50 dpi
50 images
JPEG format
Captured with CCD
colour camera (Nikon
D80, zoom lens 18200mm,
F3.5-5.6,
10.2 Mega pixels)
800x600 pixels
72 images with equal
divide in training and
testing images
JPEG format
Images Taken from
shutterstock.com
Three images from
training
&
three
images from testing

4.
Classification of rice plant 1.
leaf
Diseases using feature 2.
matching

Type of classifiers

Strength

Nearest neighbour

The
rate
of
the Difficult
to 1.
recognition time
decide proper 2.
is less than 2 seconds.
threshold value
for
3.
segmentation

Classification
Methods
Based
on
Pattern
Discrimination
Models for Web-Based
Diagnosis
of
Rice
Diseases

425 Images obtained

from rice fields, internet,
surveys
and
research
canters.
Leaf blast-234 images

Sheath
light-92

accuracy
Rice Blast-80%
Rice
sheath
blight-60%
Brown spot-85%

Three classifier models

1.
1. Model 1 with 4 shape and
60 texture
2. Model 2 with 60 texture
features
3. Model 3 with 4 shape
features
Support vector machine with 2.
radial basis function was used

If only use a Model1-97.2%

model
3 Model2-88%
accuracy
is Model3-11.1%
82.4%, but it
cannot
classified into
other
two
diseases.

1.
2.

Four shape features

with
60
texture
features of disease
spot
from
4
orientation
angles
and 3 spatial were
extracted.
This
method
is
applied to other crop
diseases.
System uses rough set
theory which minimizes
loss of information and
reduces
computational
time.

Limited image 75%

dataset
were
taken.

The Approach is effective

in in identifying a disease
when
There are many possible
types involved.

Non
image SVM,EL,QDA-85%
information
NN-80%
such
as
weather
and
fertilization
data needs to

Weakness

IF-THEN rule classifier.

IF the colour and shape
of trained dataset images
is equal to the colour and
shape of test dataset
image then the plant leaf
is
infected
by
corresponding diseases.
Neural network
Support Vector machine
Ensemble learning
linear
discriminant
analysis, and
quadratic
discriminant

Classification of rice
disease using
Digital
image
processing and svm
Classifier
Classification
of
Rice
Leaf Diseases Based on
Morphological Changes

Literature survey

Images
taken
from
International
Rice
Research
Institute
(IRRI)
database.
1. Images
captured
from Nikon COOLPIX
digital camera
2. 500 samples for each
diseases
3. 450 images as a
training set
4. 50 images as a
testing set.
Rice
Disease 1. Nikon COOLPIX P4
Identification
using
digital
camera
in
Pattern Recognition
macro mode.
Techniques
2. Sizes
vary
from
300x300
to
1500x1500.

Identification of Diseases 1.
in Rice Plant (Oryza
Sativa)
using
Back
Propagation
Artificial
Neural
2.
Network

Support Vector Machine

Bayes classifier
Support Vector Machine

Self-Organized
network

map

Images
Obtained Back propagation
from greenhouse of Neural network
international
rice
research institute
134 images
55
bacterial
leaf

Higher accuracy due Needs to do

to SVM
comparative
study
with
other
classifier
Bayes
classifier
has Miss
complexity O(Nx) and classification
SVM has a O(Dx) where occurs due to
D=dimension of Vector shadow
effect
and N=# samples,
and
colour
Since N>D, the proposed distortion
of
system is time Efficient aging
compare to SVM.
Leaves.

neural Zooming
Algorithms
Extract Features using
simple technique ,results
in
satisfactory
classification
of
test
images

82%

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Transformation 1.
of
image
in
frequency
domain
does 2.
not give better
classification.
3.

Gives 100% accuracy for 1.

each diseases

Approach
doesnt
consider
severity
and variety
of disease.

Normal
leaf
image-92%
Brown
spot96.4%
Blast -84%
Bayes classifier79.5%
SVM-68.1%

RGB of the spot

classification92%
Fourier
transform-84%
Arbitrary
rotation of 50
%spot- 82%
4. Fourier
transform
of
50%
rotating
spot-70%
100% accuracy for
each disease.

1
0

1
1

1
2

Paddy Disease

Identification using
Fuzzy Entropy and
Probabilistic

Neural Network
Rice diseases

classification using
feature selection and rule
generation techniques

Paddy Diseases
Identification with
Texture Analysis
using Fractal Descriptors
Based on Fourier
Spectrum

Detection of unhealthy
region of plant leaves
and classification of
plant leaf diseases using
texture features

Literature survey

Images captured Probabilistic neural

form paddy
network
fields
JPEG format

Fuzzy set is used

because it has a
capability to model non
statistical imprecision.

Experiments with
only small
database

91.46%

500 infected rice

plant images

Reduced the
complexity of classifier,
rough set theory is
used to select features.
it does not require any

gain calculation of the

rules and so involves
lesser computational
complexity
When two diseases with
same colour involved
,system can efficiently
classify the disease

Not specified

94.21%

Leaf blast diseases

might be
misclassified due to
variation in lesion
colours.

Brown spots : 92.31%

Bacterial leaf blight :
96.25%
Leaf blast : 83.00%
Tungro : 97.96%

plant diseases
Can be identified at the
initial stage itself and the
pest control tools can be
used to solve pest
problems.

Misclassification

occurs due to
symptoms of the

diseased plants may

vary.

Rule generation

40 JPEG images of Probalistic Neural

sick paddy leaves network
were obtained with
each disease has
10 images
Height and width
of images are 100200 pixels

About 500 plant leaves

of 30 different native
plant

Species were collected.

Minimum distance
criterion
In the classification
phase, the cooccurrence features
for the leaves are
extracted and
compared with the
corresponding

Minimum distance
riterion-86.77%
SVM-94.74%

Analysis
Total no. of papers : 23

Segmentation

Classification

Otsus method

2/23

Thresholding
Fermi energy
K-means clustering

2/23
1/23
5/23

Grey level thresholding

1/23

Self-adaption
thresholding
Neural Network

1/23

Support Vector Machine

6/23

If then classifier
Bayes classifier
Rule generation
GP classifier

1/23
1/23
1/23
1/23

13/23

color
Mean
Standard deviation
median
others

Texture
Entropy
Skewness
Inverse difference
Correlation
Contrast
Uniformity
energy
others

Analysis

11/17
3/11
5/11
1/11
8/11
6/17

Shape

3/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
2/6
1/6
1/6
2/6
9/17

rectangularity
Compactness
Elongation
Roundness
others

1/9
1/9
1/9
1/9
8/9

Analysis
Classification techniques
Rule generation

3/17

Support vector machine 3/17

Neural network

6/17

Back propagation

2/6

Bayes

1/17

Feature matching

1/17

Nearest neighbor

3/17

Findings
Segmentation Techniques

1 Otsus
method

Threholdi Segmenta Complexit Segmentation

ng Type
tion type
y
effect
Global
Threholdin Very High
Good/stable
g

2 Fermi
energy
Based
3 K-means

Global

Thresholdin Low
g

local

Clustering

Low

4 Greylevel
threholdi
ng
5 Fuzzy cmeans

Global

Threholdin
g

Normal

Local

Clustering

High

advantage

Regardless of uniformity &

shape measures works on
real world images
Better compared overcome the limitation of
to Otsu and kselecting proper
means
threshold value
Accurately
Minimize sum of square
distinguish
distance between object
infected &
and centroid
uninfected
regions of plants
More accurate
2G-R-B grey level
compared to
transformation provides
Otsus method
contrast for disease region
and background.
Better compared fuzzy uses partial
to Otsu and kmembership therefore
means
more useful for real
problems

Disadvantage
Takes more time and
increase the complexity.
Only works when nonuniform illumination is
present
Difficult to predict k with
fixed number of clusters.

Select threshold, then

arbitrarily interchange
pixels in image, select
again
Sensitive to initialization
condition of cluster number
and cluster center.

Findings
Classification Techniques
Machine learning techniques
Merits
Simple implementation.
K-nearest neighbor
Classes dont have to be linearly separable.
Robust, few parameters to tune (distance
metric and k).
Support vector Machine

Neural network

Rule based system

Demerits
Sensitiveness to noisy or irrelevant
data.
Testing procedure is time
consuming because of calculation
of distance to all known instances.

SVM is well suited to work with high

dimensional data.
Classification accuracy is more as compared
to
other
conventional
classification
techniques.

SVM is robust enough, even when training

samples have some distortion

Selection of kernel function and

kernel parameters for mapping
original data into higher
dimensional data is difficult.
Learning process can be time
consuming

Robust and user friendliness and can handle

noisy data.

Well suited to analyze complex problem.

Scalability problem.
Require large number training
samples.
Requires more processing time

Robust.
Not sensitive to the changing environment.
Memory requirement is little.

Determination
of
membership
function is a difficult task.

Findings
Feature Extraction Techniques (color)
Method

Feature Values

RGB to HSV, divide in 3x3 blocks,

compute HSV mean

Mean
Skewness
Variance

CIE L*a*b* color space

R,G and L component

Grey level co-occurrence matrix

Mean
Standard Deviation

CIE LAB color space

Boundary color
Spot color
Broken leaf color

Color co-occurrence method

Color

Sum and average

Color

Findings
Feature Extraction Techniques(shape)
Boundary Detection

Grey level co-occurrence matrix

Principal Component analysis
Distance regularized level set evolution
Blob analysis
Genetic Algorithm
Blob analysis

area
Roundness
Shape complexity
Length
Concavity
Radial distribution hue from center of
the spot
Rectangularity
Compactness
elongation
Weight matrix
Shape
Width and height of object
Shape
No. of the area of the object(disease
spot)
No. of object
Centroid of object
Perimeter
Width and length of object

Findings
Feature Extraction Techniques (texture)
CIE XYZ color space

Size
Color
Orientation of elements of pattern

Grey level Co-occurrence matrix(GLCM)

Entropy
Standard Deviation

Grey level Co-occurrence matrix

Contrast
Uniformity
Entropy
Inverse Difference
Linearity Correlation

Fuzzy set

Entropy

Gabor Filter

Energy
Correlation

Spatial Grey level Dependence matrices

Cluster shade
Cluster prominence

Experimental Works
Experimental work carried out on following :
Noise Removal filters
Segmentation Techniques
White spot detection
Edge detection
Background subtraction

Experimental Works
Noise Removal Filters

Noise Removal

Image 1

Image 2

Image 3

Image 4

Image Preprocessing
Noise estimation level
Image
name

Original
Image

Mean
filter

Median
Filter

Image 1

0.8133

0.4826

0.3053

Image 2

0.0000

0.4719

0.0696

Smoothi
ng filter

2D
Weiner
convolut Filter
ion
Filter

0.2869

2.0529

0.0032

0+
0.0000i

2.4287

0.1095

Image 3

0.0865

0.4786

0.0974

1.0e-04 *
0+
0.1571i

2.3288

Image 4

0.8091

0.4828

0.2788

0.2888

4.1757

0.0012

0.0032

Image Segmentation

Image Segmentation

white spot detection

Edge detection

Background Subtraction

Outline of Proposed work

Image Preprocessing

Image Segmentation

Feature Extraction

Feature Extraction

Classification

References
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.

6.

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