MATERIAL SELECTION

AND DESIGN OF FUEL

OIL OFFSHORE PIPELINE
SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION
Transportation of oil and gas ( practical and
economical )
Classified as flow-lines, feeder lines,
transmission lines, product lines and distribution
lines
Under the sea or buried underground

 Fuel Oil under the sea transportation in transmission

pipelines (large diameter, operate under high pressures)
Diameter (26inches)
Length of pipeline (136.5km) from England to France

GENERAL INFORMATION
Tanker versus pipeline
transport
Annual temperature variation
Stiff soils: clays and dense
sand
Type of transportation fluid:
low viscosity, grade 2 fuel oil
(lighter fraction petroleum),
non-sour environment

CORROSION
Destruction in offshore pipelines is
corrosion due to aggressive
environments.
Economical and environmental
consequences
There are four main aspects need to
looked at:
1) Pipeline age.
2) Temperature.
3) Pitting.

CORROSION CONTROL
Impossible
to stop corrosion, Thermal
leads to failure.
spray aluminium
Organic coating

coating

dissolve oxygen and

spraying aluminium
External
surface can
be protected
by different
water molecules,
which
coatings
using ancoatings
oxy-fuel
allow them to penetrate
or a plasma-arc spray
into the coating.
system.
Eg: bitumen, plastics and
paints

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Fuel Oil
Maximum density 876kg/m3
Temperature
30-60 degree centigrade
Pressure:
API 5L X60:414MPa, X65:448MPa
Velocity
Range: 1-3 m/s This subject: 2.5 m/s
Viscosity

CALCULATIONS
Hookes
Tensile stress:
=Ft/Ao
Law, E:
=E
Elastic
Shear stress:
=Fs/Ao G:
shear modulus,

=G

Elastic
Tensile Bulk
strain:
=/Lo K :
modulus,

P=-k V/Vo

Shear strain: =tan

MATERIAL SELECTION
Concrete and Steel: the most suitable materials for petroleum
offshore pipeline design
High Modulus of Elasticity (do not deform easily): 200*109 and over
N/m2
Carbon Steel: cheapest option, high corrosion rates, additional cost
due to inhibition
Stainless Steel: no corrosion, more expensive, not suitable for fluids
with chlorides
Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) or Polyethylene (HDPE): high cost,
special bedding, pressure and temperature limitation
Grade X-60 and X-65
Cost of raw steel cast between $1,600 to $10,000 per tonne

WELDING
Hydro
baric
is two
a method
to materials
weld two or
Welding
is a welding
process process
that joins
or more
more
materials
some marine
infrastructures.
together
to formfor
a fusion
by using
heat.
Used
for special
two purposes:
In some
cases, pressure can be used as a
helping
energy
along heat
-Using
in external
welding some
specific
parts.to form a weld.
-Underwater
Role of pressure
in welding
maintenance
in process:
the future.
- Reducing the melting point of materials
- Acting on materials to form a welded part.
Dangerous destructive factor to welded part: corrosion,
temperature changes or water pressure.

COST OF DESIGN
Cost effective aspect is always important criteria when
comes to designing an infrastructure.
Aspects affecting cost of design: choice of material,
building cost, futuristic failures and maintenance.

CONCLUSION
Final choice of material based on The American Petroleum
Institute (API) standard: Carbon Steel API 5L grade X60 and X65,
wall thickness 1.5 inches.
Yield strengths: 414 and 448 MPa
Minimum temperature of the material: -30C, the average lowest
temperature during winter season is 00C
Shield against sea water: Tar
Insulation: Polyurethane (low thermal conductivity of 0.12 W/m.K,
grade 2 fuel oil may get thicker at temperatures below freezing
because of wax)
Concrete Matt: stabilisation method

RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommendation for improving pipelines efficiency:
- Laying pipeline in S-lay, J-lay or towing method.
- Prolong lifespan of the pipeline by having good
maintenance techniques: pigging.
- Pipeline usually has bends that change the flow from
laminar to turbulent- to introduce more sophisticated
calculation methods.

THANK YOU !
QUESTIONS?