Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MALAYSIAN HISTORY
Outline
Malay Sultanate of Malacca
Colonisation Period
Independence
Map of Malaysia
Colonisation Period
1. Portuguese Colonization
2. Dutch Colonization
3. British Colonization
4. Japanese Occupation
1945)
(1511 1641)
(1641 1824)
(1824 1941,
1945-1957)
(1942
interest
All occupation that took place was due to economic
factor because Malaya was known for its richness in
raw/natural resources, spices & etc.
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
The first European power to land in
Malaya under the leadership of Alfonso de
Albuquerque.
Received a lot of resistance from the local
community
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
Impact:
1. Political
2. Economy
3. Social
4. Historical Buildings
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
1. Political impact:
i. System of Administration
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
2. Economy impact:
i. Economy of Malacca
ii. High tax was introduced
iii. No more freedom in trading
ships were forced to trade in Melaka - special
pass was introduced
iv. Many ships divert their attention to other
ports such as Aceh & Johore
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
3. Social impact:
i. Spread of Christianity (Roman
Catholic)
Through mix / inter marriagesForce conversion
ii. Introduction of Roman Alphabet
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
3. Social impact:
Emergence of Portuguese or Eurasian
community
Portuguese Square
iv. Influence of Portuguese words in Malay
words
Portuguese Colonization
(1511 1641)
Historical Buildings impact:
ii. St. Paul Church
i. A Famosa
iii. Replica of
v
Portuguese ship
Dutch Colonization
(1641 1824)
1. Political impact:
i.
System of Administration
Its authority only limited to Melaka, because main
attention was in Indonesia, thus main
administration located in Batavia (Jakarta).
Confronted local resistance
Headed by a Governor
Dutch Colonization
(1641 1824)
2. Economy impact:
i.
Dutch Colonization
(1641 1824)
3. Social impact:
i. Emergence of Dutch or Eurasian
community
Through mix / inter marriages
ii. Forefathers were the Dutch
administrators and traders who were
based in Melaka
Dutch Colonization
(1641 1824)
4. Historical Buildings impact:
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
British colonization in Malaysia is divided into two parts:
1. From 1824 1941
2. From 1945 1957
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
1. Political impact:
i.
System of Administration
Malaysia is divided into 5 political units
a. The Straits Settlement: Penang, Spore, Malacca
b. The Federated Malay State Perak, Selangor,
Negeri Sembilan & Pahang
c. The Unfederated Malay States Perlis, Kedah,
Kelantan,Terengganu & Johor
d. Sabah Chartered Company of North Borneo
e. Sarawak Brookes family
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
1. Political impact:
ii. Introduction of Resident System
iii. Introduction of Westminster system of
government
e.g Parliamentary democracy
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
1. Economy impact:
i.
System of transportation
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
2. Economy impact:
iv. Modern
Agriculture
British introduced rubber and palm oil
around 1900-1920 as a commercial
products - to stop from depending only on
rice,sugarcane, pepper and coffee which
are very important goods in the early 19th
century
New technology and machine were
introduced to upgrade the production
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
3. Social impact:
i. Education
a) Malay School;
b) Chinese School;
c) Tamil School;
d) English School
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
3. Social impact:
ii.
British Colonization
(1824 1941, 1945-1957)
4. Historical Buildings impact:
i. KTM Berhad
ii.
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
Left deep impact in the life of the
people especially in politics, social &
economics
They managed to occupy the whole
Malaya including Singapore, Sabah
and Sarawak in 70 days (10 weeks)
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
1. Political impact:
i. System of Administration
Military government was introduced.
Military concept and national services
were absorbed e.g. Tekkikan (Intelligent
Agent); Kempetei (Secret Police);
Teko (AntiCriminal police)
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
1. Political impact:
ii. Malaysia political units were changed:
The Straits Settlements and states under
the Federated Malay States and Johore
were put under the Japanese Military
Administration (New Malai)
The northern states, Kedah, Perlis,
Kelantan and Terengganu, were given to
Siam as a benefaction
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
1. Political impact:
iii. The Emergence of Malayan People Anti Japanese
Action (MPAJA)
The main resistance movement through out
Japanese occupation.
Led to the rise of Communist influence
iv. The Emergence of Malay Nationalism
Due to political awareness Asia For Asians
Believe in self-government Lost trust to British
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
2. Economy impact:
i. Malaysian economy collapsed
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
2. Economy impact:
iv.
High Inflation
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
3. Social impact:
i.
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
3. Social impact:
iii. Health declined
Japanese Occupation
(1942 1945)
3. Social impact:
iv. Education
Independence
Independence
The struggle for independence in the
country can be divided into two phases:
1. the struggle with bloodshed (before 20th
century)
2. struggle through negotiation (20th century
onwards)
Independence
1. the struggle with bloodshed (before 20th
century)
The struggle began in 1511 against the
Portuguese, followed by the Dutch
and the British
Independence
2. struggle through negotiation (20th
century onwards)
The struggle involved organizations and
mass media.
External influence + education received
by the people contributed to the
consciousness of the people to fight for
independence using mind and words
Independence
Proposal
Move towards Independence
Final steps independence
Independence
Proposal
Independence
1. Objectives of Malayan Union (1946)
i. to ensure economic interests of the
British were protected
ii. to cut down administrative cost
iii. to prepare the people for self
government, so as to standardize
administration under one ruling system
Independence
1. Malayan Union (1946)
Features:
Made up of 9 Malay states, Penang and
Malacca
Headed by a British Governor in KL,
assisted by an Executive Council and
Legislative Council
The Malay rulers sovereignty was wiped
out but only remain in issues pertaining to
Islam and as a head of the Malay Council
of Advisors
Independence
1. Malayan Union (1946)
Features:
The state council was retained to deal with local
government matters but was subjected to the
control of the central government.
Singapore was excluded in MU, remained British
Crown Colony.
Citizenship was based on the principle of Jus Soli
Equal rights for all citizens regardless of race and
origin
Independence
2. Federation of Malaya (1948)
to replace Malayan Union
formed on 1 February 1948
opposition from certain groups
Independence
2. Federation of Malaya (1948)
Features:
The Federation of Malaya, with British High
Commissioner as head, comprised of 9
Malay states, together with Penang and
Malacca.
The Legislative Council and the Federal
Executive Council assisted the High
Commissioner in the administrative.
The Malay rulers were returned their rights
over their own states.
Independence
2. Federation of Malaya (1948)
Features:
The state government had the right and
responsibility over matters relating to local
government administration, land matters, health,
education and agriculture.
The administration of the states of Malacca and
Penang came under a Resident Commissioner.
The condition for citizenship became more strict.
The special rights of the Malays were recognized
Independence
Move towards Independence
1. Problem of Unity
2. Member system
3. Growth of Political parties
Independence
Move towards Independence
1. Problem of Unity
British introduced various mechanisms to
solve the problem of unity among the
three major ethnic groups in Malaya
E.g. the introduction of new educational
system and the Inter-Ethnic Relation
Committee
Independence
Move towards Independence
2. Member system
to appoint the local representatives to
hold positions in the Federal Government
training platform in administrative matters
create the spirit of cooperation among the
races through joint administration
Independence
Move towards Independence
3. Growth of political parties
Alliance
- UMNO + MCA + MIC
Radical/Socialist
- MCP (Parti Komunis Malaya); AWAS (Angkatan
Wanita Sedar); API (Angkatan Pemuda Insaf);
PKMM (Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya);
PETA (Ikatan Pemuda Tanah Melayu)
Independence
Move towards Independence
3. Growth of political parties
Islam
Hisbul Muslimin; PAS (Parti Islam SeMalaya)
Non-communal
IMP (Parti Malaya Merdeka); Parti Negara
Independence
Final steps independence
1.
2.
3.
4.
Independence
1. General election (1955)
landslide victory to Alliance Party
they won 51 out of 52 seats
Independence
2. Negotiation for independence
The team
4 representative of Malay rulers: Datuk Panglima
Gantang, Dato Ahmad Kamil, Abdul Aziz Majid and
Dato Mohd Seth;
representatives of Alliance: Tunku Abdul Rahman,
Dr.Ismail Abdul Rahman, Dato Abdul Razak Hussein
and Col.H.S.Lee
British representative in Malaya
Suruhanjaya Reid (Reid Commission)
to draft the new Constitution
Reid Commission
62
Independence
3. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya
Proclamation of Independence
Independence
3. Constitution of the Federation of Malaya
c) The Malay language is to become the
national language, English can still be used
in the Legislative Council for a period of 10
years after independence.
d) A person born in Malaya on or after
Independence is automatically a Malayan
citizen.
e) Islam is made the official religion of the
Federation of Malaya, but freedom of
worship is guaranteed for non-Muslims
Independence
4. Proclamation of Independence
31st of August 1957 (after midnight of
30th August 1957) at the Selangor
Club green (Merdeka Square).
The Union Jack flag was brought down
and was replaced with the flag of
Independent Malaya, now known as
Jalur Gemilang.
Independence
4. Proclamation of Independence
The ceremony for the declaration of
independence and official signing of the
declaration took place in Merdeka Stadium.
The same day the Federations first Cabinet
was announced with Tunku Abdul Rahman
was appointed as the first Prime Minister.
The first YDPA Yang di Pertuan Besar
Negeri Sembilan, Tuanku Abdul Rahman
67
Independence of Malaya
- 31 August 1957
Thank You.