Energy and Process 1

Semester 1:
1st quarter: Introduction to fluid mechanics
2nd quarter: Introduction to thermodynamics

Lecturers: Hamid Hosseini

Koos van Paassen

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Book:
Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences
engel, Cimbala and Turner
4th edition (SI-units)
Mc Graw Hill
ISBN 978-007-132511-0

The metric SI (International System)

Length meter
[m]
Mass
kilogram [kg]
Time
second [s]
Temperature Kelvin
[K]
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Subjects week 1
Chapter 1
Introduction to thermal-fluid sciences
Fluid mechanics
Chapter 2
Pressure

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Introduction thermal-fluid sciences

Thermal-fluid sciences deal with:
Energy
Transfer, transport and conversion of energy
Subcategories:
Thermodynamics
Heat transfer
Fluid mechanics

Application: design and analysis of thermal systems

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Introduction thermal-fluid sciences

Design and analysis of thermal systems

Integrated design approach

Example: automotive cooling system

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Introduction thermal-fluid sciences

Heat management: cooling system

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Introduction thermal-fluid sciences

Industrial installations: air conditioning

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Part 1 Fluid mechanics (EP1T1)

Week

Part

C1

Theory

C2
C3
C4
C5
C6

Subject
Basic concepts: pressure, the manometer, the
barometer and atmospheric pressure;
Mass and analysis of control volumes:
conservation of mass;
Bernoulli and the energy equations: the Bernoulli
equation, general energy equation, energy analysis
of steady flows;

C7
Practical Flow test: Bernoullis principle
S1/S2

Exam

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Fluid mechanics
Fluid mechanics:
science that deals with the behaviour of
fluids at rest (Fluid Statics)
fluids in motion (Fluid Dynamics)
Fluid: liquid or gas

Daniel Bernoulli
(1700-1782)

Important characteristic of the fluid: compressibility

The focus will be on incompressible fluids,
i.e. liquids, or gases at low speeds
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Fluid statics
Pressure: the normal force excerted (by a fluid) per unit area

F
P
A

N
m2

Pascals law: The pressure applied to a confined fluid

increases the pressure throughout by the same amount
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Pressure
F
P
A

N
m2

Standard unit:

Other units:

Pa = 1 N/m2
1 kPa kilopascal (103 Pa)
1 MPa megapascal (106 Pa)
1 bar = 105 Pa
1 mbar = 10-3 bar = 100 Pa = 1 hPa
1 atm = 1.0135 bar = 101,325 Pa

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Weather chart

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Atmospheric pressures
in mbar = hPa13

Absolute pressure / gage pressure

What pressure is measured?

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Absolute pressure / gage pressure

Absolute pressure (Pabs)
Is measured relative to the absolute vacuum
Gage pressure (Pgage) and vacuum pressure (Pvac) are
measured relative to the local atmospheric pressure (Patm)

Pgage Pabs Patm

(when Pabs is above atmospheric)

Pvac Patm Pabs

(when Pabs is below atmospheric)

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Absolute pressure / gage pressure

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Example problem
g = 9.81 m/s2
Patm

Open to
atmosphere

Answers:
P = 1387 N/m2
Pabs,A = 1.038105 Pa
Pgage,A = 1387 Pa

Determine:
the force exerted on the fluid by the piston in N/m 2,
the absolute pressure in A, the gage pressure in A
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Pascals law
Pascals law: the pressure applied to a fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount

P1 P2
F1 F2

A1 A2

F2 A2

F1 A1

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Hydraulic systems

Force is transferred by
means
of an hydraulic fluid
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Variation of pressure with depth

Change of pressure in a fluid with elevation:
density of the fluid

P gz

kg/m 3

g gravitational acceleration m/s 2

z elevation m

Valid for liquids and gases,

but effect in gases is often negligible
Pressure in a liquid at rest (absolute pressure):

P Patm gh

distance to free surface

Assumption: density is constant

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Variation of pressure with depth

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Example problem
Pressure in a liquid at rest:

P Patm gh

Patm

Closed-off

Determine:
absolute pressure in point A
gage pressure in point A
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Car testing in a wind tunnel

Video: car in wind tunnel

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Homework
Theory chapter 1
1-1 Introduction to thermal-fluid sciences
1-4 Fluid mechanics
Theory chapter 2:
2-7 Pressure

Problems:
2-23C 2-24C 2-25C 2-26C 2-27C
2-28 2-29 2-34 2-37 2-40 2-43 2-44
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