TheRandomizedBlockDesign

Supposearesearcherisinterestedinhow
severaltreatmentsaffectacontinuous
responsevariable(Y).
Thetreatmentsmaybethelevelsofasingle
factorortheymaybethecombinationsof
levelsofseveralfactors.
Supposewehaveavailabletousatotalof
N=ntexperimentalunitstowhichweare
goingtoapplythedifferenttreatments.

TheCompletelyRandomized(CR)design
randomlydividestheexperimentalunitsintot
groupsofsizenandrandomlyassignsa
treatmenttoeachgroup.

TheRandomizedBlockDesign
dividesthegroupofexperimentalunitsinto
nhomogeneousgroupsofsizet.
Thesehomogeneousgroupsarecalled
blocks.
Thetreatmentsarethenrandomlyassigned
totheexperimentalunitsineachblock
onetreatmenttoaunitineachblock.

Example1:
Supposeweareinterestedinhowweightgain(Y)
inratsisaffectedbySourceofprotein(Beef,
Cereal,andPork)andbyLevelofProtein(High
orLow).
Thereareatotaloft=32=6treatment
combinationsofthetwofactors(BeefHigh
Protein,CerealHighProtein,PorkHighProtein,
BeefLowProtein,CerealLowProtein,andPork
LowProtein).

 SupposewehaveavailabletousatotalofN=60
experimentalratstowhichwearegoingtoapplythe
differentdietsbasedonthet=6treatment
combinations.
Priortotheexperimentationtheratsweredivided
inton=10homogeneousgroupsofsize6.
Thegroupingwasbasedonfactorsthathad
previouslybeenignored(ExampleInitialweight
size,appetitesizeetc.)
Withineachofthe10blocksaratisrandomly
assignedatreatmentcombination(diet).

 Theweightgainafterafixedperiodis
measuredforeachofthetestanimalsandis
tabulatedonthenextslide:

Randomized Block Design

Block
1

107
(1)

96
(2)

112
(3)

83
(4)

87
(5)

90
(6)

Block
6

128
(1)

89
(2)

104
(3)

85
(4)

84
(5)

89
(6)

102
(1)

72
(2)

100
(3)

82
(4)

70
(5)

94
(6)

56
(1)

70
(2)

72
(3)

64
(4)

62
(5)

63
(6)

102
(1)

76
(2)

102
(3)

85
(4)

95
(5)

86
(6)

97
(1)

91
(2)

92
(3)

80
(4)

72
(5)

82
(6)

93
(1)

70
(2)

93
(3)

63
(4)

71
(5)

63
(6)

80
(1)

63
(2)

87
(3)

82
(4)

81
(5)

63
(6)

111
(1)

79
(2)

101
(3)

72
(4)

75
(5)

81
(6)

10

103
(1)

102
(2)

112
(3)

83
(4)

93
(5)

81
(6)

Example2:
Thefollowingexperimentisinterestedin
comparingtheeffectfourdifferent
chemicals(A,B,CandD)inproducing
waterresistance(y)intextiles.
Astripofmaterial,randomlyselectedfrom
eachbolt,iscutintofourpieces(samples)
thepiecesarerandomlyassignedtoreceive
oneofthefourchemicaltreatments.

 Thisprocessisreplicatedthreetimes
producingaRandomizedBlock(RB)design.
Moistureresistance(y)weremeasuredfor
eachofthesamples.(Lowreadingsindicate
lowmoisturepenetration).
Thedataisgiveninthediagramandtableon
thenextslide.

Diagram: Blocks(BoltSamples)
9.9
10.1
11.4
12.1

C
A
B
D

13.4
12.9
12.2
12.3

D
B
A
C

12.7
12.9
11.4
11.9

B
D
C
A

Table
Chemical
A
B
C
D

Blocks(BoltSamples)
1
2
3
10.1
12.2
11.9
11.4
12.9
12.7
9.9
12.3
11.4
12.1
13.4
12.9

The Model for a randomized Block Experiment

yij i j ij
i = 1,2,, t

j = 1,2,, b

yij = the observation in the jth block receiving the

ith treatment
= overall mean
i = the effect of the ith treatment
yij i j ij

j = the effect of the jth Block

ij = random error

The Anova Table for a randomized Block Experiment

Source
Treat

S.S.
SST

d.f.
t-1

M.S.
MST

F
p-value
MST /MSE

Block

SSB

n-1

MSB

MSB /MSE

Error

SSE

(t-1)(b-1)

MSE

 A randomized block experiment is assumed to be

a two-factor experiment.
The factors are blocks and treatments.
The is one observation per cell. It is assumed that
there is no interaction between blocks and
treatments.
The degrees of freedom for the interaction is used
to estimate error.

The Anova Table for Diet Experiment

Source
Block
Diet
ERROR

S.S
5992.4167
4572.8833
3147.2833

d.f.
9
5
45

M.S.
F
665.82407
9.52
914.57667 13.076659
69.93963

p-value
0.00000
0.00000

The Anova Table forTextile Experiment

SOURCE
Blocks
Chem
ERROR

SUM OF SQUARES
7.17167
5.20000
0.53500

D.F.
2
3
6

MEAN SQUARE
3.5858
1.7333
0.0892

F
40.21
19.44

TAIL PROB.
0.0003
0.0017

 If the treatments are defined in terms of

two or more factors, the treatment Sum
of Squares can be split (partitioned)
into:
Main Effects
Interactions

The Anova Table for Diet Experiment

terms for the main effects and interactions between Level of Protein and Source of Protein

Source
Block
Diet
ERROR

Source
Block
Source
Level
SL
ERROR

S.S
5992.4167
4572.8833
3147.2833

S.S
5992.4167
882.23333
2680.0167
1010.6333
3147.2833

d.f.
9
5
45

d.f.
9
2
1
2
45

M.S.
F
665.82407
9.52
914.57667 13.076659
69.93963

M.S.
665.82407
441.11667
2680.0167
505.31667
69.93963

F
9.52
6.31
38.32
7.23

p-value
0.00000
0.00000

p-value
0.00000
0.00380
0.00000
0.00190

Repeated Measures Designs

In a Repeated Measures Design

We have experimental units that
may be grouped according to one or several
factors (the grouping factors)
Then on each experimental unit we have
not a single measurement but a group of
measurements (the repeated measures)
The repeated measures may be taken at
combinations of levels of one or several
factors (The repeated measures factors)

Example
Inthefollowingstudytheexperimenterwas
interestedinhowthelevelofacertainenzyme
changedincardiacpatientsafteropenheart
surgery.
Theenzymewasmeasured
immediatelyaftersurgery(Day0),
oneday(Day1),
twodays(Day2)and
oneweek(Day7)aftersurgery
forn=15cardiacsurgicalpatients.

Thedataisgiveninthetablebelow.
Table:Theenzymelevelsimmediatelyaftersurgery(Day
0),oneday(Day1),twodays(Day2)andoneweek(Day7)
aftersurgery

Subject Day0 Day1 Day2 Day7 Subject Day0 Day1 Day2 Day7
1
108
63
45
42
9
106
65
49
49
2
112
75
56
52
10
110
70
46
47
3
114
75
51
46
11
120
85
60
62
4
129
87
69
69
12
118
78
51
56
5
115
71
52
54
13
110
65
46
47
6
122
80
68
68
14
132
92
73
63
7
105
71
52
54
15
127
90
73
68
8
117
77
54
61

 The subjects are not grouped (single group).

There is one repeated measures factor -Time
with levels

Day 0,
Day 1,
Day 2,
Day 7

This design is the same as a randomized

block design with
Blocks = subjects

The Anova Table for Enzyme Experiment

Source
Subject
Day
ERROR

SS
4221.100
36282.267
390.233

df

MS
14
301.507
3 12094.089
42
9.291

F
32.45
1301.66

p-value
0.0000
0.0000

The Subject Source of variability is modelling the

variability between subjects
The ERROR Source of variability is modelling the
variability within subjects

Example :
(RepeatedMeasuresDesignGroupingFactor)

Inthefollowingstudy,similartoexample3,
theexperimenterwasinterestedinhowthe
levelofacertainenzymechangedincardiac
patientsafteropenheartsurgery.
Inadditiontheexperimenterwasinterestedin
howtwodrugtreatments(AandB)would
alsoeffecttheleveloftheenzyme.

 The24patientswererandomlydividedintothree
groupsofn=8patients.
Thefirstgroupofpatientswereleftuntreatedasa
controlgroupwhile
thesecondandthirdgroupweregivendrug
treatmentsAandBrespectively.
Againtheenzymewasmeasuredimmediatelyafter
surgery(Day0),oneday(Day1),twodays(Day2)
andoneweek(Day7)aftersurgeryforeachofthe
cardiacsurgicalpatientsinthestudy.

Table:Theenzymelevelsimmediatelyaftersurgery(Day0),

oneday(Day1),twodays(Day2)andoneweek(Day7)
aftersurgeryforthreetreatmentgroups(control,Drug
A,DrugB)

0
122
112
129
115
126
118
115
112

Control
Day
1
2
87
68
75
55
80
66
71
54
89
70
81
62
73
56
67
53

7
58
48
64
52
71
60
49
44

0
93
78
109
104
108
116
108
110

Group
DrugA
Day
1
2
56
36
51
33
73
58
75
57
71
57
76
58
64
54
80
63

7
37
34
49
60
65
58
47
62

0
86
100
122
101
112
106
90
110

DrugB
Day
1
2
46
30
67
50
97
80
58
45
78
67
74
54
59
43
76
64

7
31
50
72
43
66
54
38
58

 The subjects are grouped by treatment

control,
Drug A,
Drug B

There is one repeated measures factor -Time

with levels

Day 0,
Day 1,
Day 2,
Day 7

The Anova Table

Source
Drug
1

Error
Time
Time x Drug
2

Error

SS
1745.396

df
2

MS
872.698

10287.844
47067.031
357.688

21
3
6

489.897
15689.010
59.615

668.031

63

10.604

F
1.78

p-value
0.1929

1479.58
5.62

0.0000
0.0001

There are two sources of Error in a repeated

measures design:
The between subject error Error1 and
the within subject error Error2

Tablesofmeans

Drug
Control
A
B
Overall

Day0
118.63
103.25
103.38
108.42

Day1
77.88
68.25
69.38
71.83

Day2
60.50
52.00
54.13
55.54

Day7
55.75
51.50
51.50
52.92

Overall
78.19
68.75
69.59
72.18

120

Time Profiles of Enzyme Levels

100

Control

Enz yme Le ve l

Drug A
Drug B
80

60

40
0

Day