DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTATION OF HEAT

EXCHANGER WITH REFRIGERANT R-1234ze FOR

SCREW CHILLERS
GUIDED BY :

PREPARED BY :

Prof. Dr. D. V. Ghewade

Shipure
(GUIDE)
(2015MHP001)

Prof. Dr. N. K. Sane

(CO-GUIDE)

2016 2017

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
WALCHAND COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,
SANGLI 416415

Mr. Amit M.

Industrial Support : Kirloskar Chillers

Pvt. Ltd.
Project Guide:-

Mr. Sandeep Nichal

Project Co-Guide:- Mr. Sanjay Kulkarni

Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Objectives of Research
Proposed Plan
References

Introduction
Ozone Layer
About Ozone layer 5-9% its of thickness has decreased
leading to formation of ozone hole affecting the major
region of Antarctica continent

Global Warming
According to temperature analysis by NASA , the average
Temperature on earth has increased by 0.8 0 Celsius since
1880.
Two third of temperature rise has occurred since since 1975.
4

 It has been proved that CFCs are major source of

depletion ozone layer .

Chlorine atom is major substance that depletes the

ozone layer which is Refrigerants CFCs (R-12),

HFCs(R-134a) etc.
One chlorine atom destroys 100,000 ozone
molecules
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New Regulations for the

Refrigerants
Montreal Protocol (1987) :
It controls and ultimately Phase out
Production of Ozone depleting substance

Removal of chloride atoms containing gases

Under the Montreal Protocol , HCFCs will be
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completely phase out by 2020

Kyoto protocol (1997) :

It aims at controlling the emission of main Greenhouse

gases
According to UN emission , Industrialist countries
would cut the greenhouse emission by 5% on 1990
levels by 2008-2012

EU F-Gas Regulation:
It controls emissions from fluorinated Greenhouse
gases (F-gases) including HFCs
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And Prohibits the usage of gases more than 150 GWP

Alternatives for Refrigerants

Because of the phase out process for the CFCs

and HCFCs by various Regulations and due to

adverse effect on Global warming new class of
refrigerant is used that is HFOs
In HFOs(Hydroflorocarbons) it do not contains

chlorine atoms therefore harm for Ozone layer

and relatively very lower ODP and GWP .
The new HFO Refrigerant Developed is

Solstice ze Refrigerant (HFO-1234ze) by

Honeywell International Inc.
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Terms used for Refrigerants

ODP(Ozone Depletion Potential):
Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) of a chemical compound
is the relative amount of degradation it can cause to the
ozone layer.

GWP(Global Warming Potential):

Global Warming Potential is how much a given mass of

gas contributes to global warming .

GWP is the scale which says about the amount of heat

trapped by the Greenhouse gas

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ODP and GWP of R1234ze

ODP of R-1234ze is 0

GWP of R-1234ze is 4 GWP comparing to R134a has 1500 GWP

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Atmospheric Life of R-1234ze has 16 days

compare to
R-134a which has 13 years atmospheric
life.
Reduces direct CO2 emissions by 99.6

percent reduces indirect CO2 emissions due

to lower energy consumption

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Properties of R-1234ze

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Comparison with R-134a

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Thermophysical
Properties

R1234ze

R-134a

Molecular weight,
kg/mol

114

102

Boiling point at 101.3

kPa, C

-18.95

-26.06

Critical temperature, C 109.4

119.4

Critical pressure, bar

36.4

40.6

Latent heat of
vaporization at 30 C,
kJ/kg

162.9

173.1

Literature Review
Davide Del Col et al.

Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC)

This is experimental study on condensation heat transfer and pressure drop
inside a single circular cross section minichannel with an inner diameter of
0.96mm

Heat transfer coefficient increase with vapour quality and mass velocity

at mass velocity higher than G = 200 kg/m2s.

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HTC does vary significantly with between G= 50 to 150 kg/m2s .

Literature Review
Davide Del Col et al.

Comparing HTC with R-134a

The HTC at mass velocity 800 kg/m 2s is 9% to 13% higher for

R134a
At low vapour quality and at 200 kg/m 2s, the heat transfer
coefficient for R1234ze(E) is on average 16% higher than that
16 for R134a.

Literature Review
Davide Del Col et al.

Pressure Drop

The two phase frictional drop for R-1234ze is 20 to 28% higher

than that measured for R134a at 800 kg/m 2s

While at G =200

kg/m2s and G = 400 kg/m2s the pressure drop

is 18to 24% higher than that measured for R134a.

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Literature Review
Thomas J.Leck et al.

Compressor

Compression Ratio is 7% less than R-134a

The compressor work required to lift the unit mass of

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R-1234ze from evaporator to condenser pressure is

20% lower than that required for R-134a

Literature Review
Thomas J.Leck et al.

Volumetric Cooling Capacity

From the figure the net refrigeration effect across the

evaporator per unit mass R-1234 is 23% lower than R-134a

However the density of R-1234 vapour at compressor
suction condition is 21% higher than R-134a
The lower net Refrigeration effect partly compensated by
higher vapour density , result in 7% lower volumetric
19 cooling capacity

Literature Review
Chieko Kondou et al.

COP Comparison

Figure shows COP2k versus evaporating temperature .

At two condensing temperatures of 30C and 40C, R

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1234 has respectively 2-10% and 5-15% lower COP than

the R-134a.
R-1234ze has lower but comparable COP to R-134a

Literature Review
Thomas J.leck et al.

Flammability
According to ASHRAE standard following are

classification :

R-1234ze falls under A2L class flammability

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which is lower segment of mildly flammable

Refrigerant
Under Toxicity it is considered safe for
refrigeration .

Literature Review
Thomas J.Leck et al.

Honeywell company

Flammability
Flammability characteristics of HFO-1234

LFL- lower flammablility limit

UFL Upper flammability limit
MIE minimum ignition energy
hydrocarb
BV burning velocity

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R-1234 needs 10 times more concentration and

2,50,000 times more energy than other
to become flammable

Literature Review
Thomas J.Leck et al.

Miscibility with Oils

As most of the ultra-low GWP refrigerants, R-1234 ze is more

miscible and more soluble in oil than traditional HFCs or HCFCs.

Higher miscibility is very favourable in systems for returning oil
to compressors from the liquid side of the circuit.
Miscibilty of HFO 1234 with POE(Polyolester oils)

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Design of Heat Exchanger for new

Refrigerant R-1234ze
Kirloskar Chillers Pvt. Ltd . Has three Series of Chillers
Turbotek series :
Capacity Centrifugal chillers

:500TR(1700KW) - 2400 TR(8400KW)

Bravura and Prodigy series : 145 TR (500 kW) - 475 TR (1,660 kW)
Capacity Screw Chillers
With Refrigerant R-134a , R-407c , HCFC 22

Condensor : Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger

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Evaporator : Flooded Type For Turbotek series

DX type Evaporator For Prodigy series

 Evaporator is Kept Nearly Filled (or Flooded) with

Liquid Refrigerant through its Entire Surface

Refrigerant Enters Evaporator as 100% Liquid and
Exits with Some Carry-Over of Liquid (e.g.. 80%
Gas; 20% Liquid)

Liquid Refrigerant Enters the Evaporator, absorbs

Heat from the fluid to be cooled, Evaporates and

Exits the Evaporator as 100% Gas

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OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

As the Properties of new refrigerant R-1234ze is comparable
with R-134a so it is regarded as a R134a replacing fluid ,
a low GWP alternative for R-134a medium pressure chillers
Objective of Project
To Design the Evaporator which is a Shell and tube heat exchanger of

1 TR (ton) capacity for the new low GWP Refrigerant

R-1234ze
Comparing the new design with that of the existing design

working on refrigerant R-134a

Analysing the effect of change in design of new test rig like tube

diameter, shell diameter, baffle spacing , refrigerant charge , refrigerant

mass flow rate etc.
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Work Plan

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References
Mark W. Spatz, Ankit Sethi, Samuel Yana Thome

Latest Developments of Low Global Warming

Refrigerants for Chillers Honeywell International,
Buffalo Research Laboratory, Buffalo, NY, US
Patrick J.E. Park, F. Vakili-Farahani , L. Consolini, J.R.

Thome Experimental study on condensation heat

transfer in vertical minichannels for new refrigerant
R1234ze(E) versus R134a and R236fa Experimental
Thermal and Fluid Science 35 (2011) 442454.
A Diani, S Mancin, L Rossetto R1234yf vs. R134a Flow
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Boiling Heat Transfer Inside Microfin Tube Journal of

Physics: Conference Series 547 (2014) Italy.

References
Kondou, Chieko; Mishima, Fumiya; Liu, JinFan; and Koyama,

Shigeru, "Condensation and Evaporation of R134a, R1234ze(E)

and R1234ze(Z) Flow in Horizontal Microfin Tubes at Higher
Temperature" (2014). International Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Paper 1446.
Amol Davide Del Col*, Matteo Bortolato, Marco Azzolin

Condensation heat transfer and two-phase frictional pressure

drop in a single minichannel with R1234ze(E) and other
refrigerants International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
50(2015) 87-103
Lewis Cristiano Bigonha TibiricaLewis M. Ellison, Flow Boiling

Characteristics for R1234ze(E) in 1.0 and 2.2 mm Circular

Channels, Department of Mechanical Engineering Brazil .
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Thank You!!!
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