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Probability and

Non-Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling Every element
in the population under study has a
non-zero probability of selection to a
sample, and every member of the
population has an equal probability of
being selected
Non-Probability Sampling An
arbitrary means of selecting sampling
units based on subjective
considerations, such as personal

Types of Samples
Probability (Random) Samples
Simple random sample
Restricted random sample
Systematic random sample
Stratified random sample
Multistage sample
Multiphase sample
Cluster sample

Non-Probability Samples
Convenience sample
Purposive sample
Quota

Simple Random Sample


All elements in the population are
considered and each element has an
equal chance of being chosen as the
subject.

SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
Systematic sampling relies on arranging
the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting
elements at regular intervals through
that ordered list.
Systematic sampling involves a random
start and then proceeds with the
selection of every kth element from then
onwards. In this case, k=(population
size/sample size).
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SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING
ADVANTAGES:
Sample easy to select
Suitable sampling frame can be identified
easily
Easy to use if sampling frame is available

DISADVANTAGES:
Sample may be biased if hidden periodicity in
population coincides with that of selection.
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STRATIFIED SAMPLING

Population is first divided into


meaningful segments; thereafter
subjects are drawn in proportion to
their original numbers in the
population

STRATIFIED SAMPLING
Advantages:
Most efficient among all probability designs
Al groups are adequately sampled and comparison
among groups are possible
Disadvantages:
Stratification must be meaningful. More time consuming
than simple random sampling or systematic sampling.
Sampling frame for each stratum is essential

CLUSTER SAMPLING

Groups that have heterogeneous members


are first identified; then some are chosen at
random; all the members in each of the
randomly chosen groups are studied. The
target population is first divided into cluster
Area sampling is a specific type of cluster
sampling.
Clusters consists of geographic areas such
as countries, city blocks.
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CLUSTER SAMPLING.
Two types of cluster sampling methods.
One-stage sampling. All of the elements within selected
clusters are included in the sample.
Two-stage sampling. A subset of elements within selected
clusters are randomly selected for inclusion in the sample.

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CLUSTER SAMPLING

Advantages :
In geographic clusters, cost of data collection
are low
Disadvantages:
The least reliable and efficient among all
probability sampling
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Double Sampling
The same sample or a subset of the sample
is studied twice.
Advantage:
Offers more detailed information on the
topic of study

Non-Probability
convenience Sampling
the most easily accessible members are
chosen as subjects
Advantage:
Quick, convenience, less expensive
Disadvantage:
Not generalizable at all

Judgment Sampling
Subjects selected on the basis of their
expertise in the subject investigated
Advantage:
Sometimes, the only meaningful way for
investigate
Disadvantage:
Generalizable is questionable, not

Quota Sampling
Subjects are conveniently chosen from
targeted groups according to some
predetermined number or quota
Advantage:
Very useful where minority participation in a
study is critical
Disadvantage:

Decision
Extent of prior knowledge in the area of
research undertaken
The main objective of the study
Cost Consideration

Issues of Precision and Confidence


in Determining Sample Size
A reliable and valid sample should
enable us to generalize the findings
from the sample to the population
under investigation.

Precision
Refers

to how close our estimate is to the true

population characteristiccs.
Precision is function of the range of variability in
the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
Assume
Average of the sample is 50
And we can say he true average is lies between
40-50
Standard Deviation or error is

Confidence
Denotes how certain we are that our estimates will
really hold true for the populations.
Assume
If confidence level reflect 95%, exspressed by as p
<= 0,05.
We say that at least 95 out of 100 will reflect true
population

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