ES 202

Fluid and Thermal Systems

Lecture 30:
Lift and Drag Wrap-Up
(2/20/2003)

Assignments
Study for your finals

Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Announcements

Problem session this evening at 7 pm

lift and drag

hydrostatics
Bernoullis equation
major and minor losses

Time and date for final review session (need your input)

What can you bring to the exam

textbook
3 sides of equation sheet
computer (cannot use EES)

My advice for you on final exam

Study hard, see me if you have questions
Keep calm! You should have more than enough time!

Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Road Map of Lecture 30

High-light from John Adams talk on golf ball aerodynamics
laminar-turbulent transition over curved surface

Reynolds number dependency of drag coefficient

how it relates to terminal velocity calculation

Common feature between internal and external flows

formation of boundary layer
inviscid core region
merging of boundary layers (disappearance of inviscid core)

Visual learning: variation of lift and drag with angle of attack

All about lift
origin of lift
definition of lift coefficient
conditions at take-off and cruise

Course evaluation
Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Drag on a Golf Ball

2/3 of range at max. height (very different from simple projectile)

Taken from John Adams ASME talk

Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Reynolds Number Dependency

taken from Figure 8.2 in Fluid Mechanics by Kundu
Determination of terminal velocity requires iteration

mg

C
D

U 2
2

2
D

velocity
(Reynolds #) free stream frontal area
dependent dynamic pressure

Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Connection with Internal Flow

Recall the drag analysis on a cross-flow cylinder in a wind
tunnel
The blockage effect of the cylinder causes the flow to accelerate. As a
result, pressure drops.

This pressure drop is totally different from the pressure drop in

pipe flow analysis during the 4th week of this class.
The pressure drop in pipe flow is due to frictional effect, not
flow acceleration.
In fact, the average flow speed in a constant cross-sectional
pipe is constant as a result of mass conservation.
Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Boundary Layer in a Pipe

boundary layer
inviscid core
(flow acceleration)

fully viscous region

boundary layer

merging of boundary layer

(disappearance of inviscid core)

At the pipe entrance, the development of boundary layer is similar to that on a flat plate.

As a result of fluid deceleration in the boundary layer, the flow accelerates within the
inviscid core.

Beyond the merging point of boundary layers, the fully viscous region is termed the fully
developed flow.

Within the fully developed flow,

averaged flow speed stays constant;
pressure drops as a response to fluid friction.

Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

Lift and Drag on an Airfoil

Visual learning:
MMFM visualization of lift and drag variation as a function
of angle of attack (serves as a motivation to lift analysis)
As the angle of attack is increased, the slender airfoil
becomes more of a blunt body. Flow separation becomes
more severe.
The dominant drag component changes from frictional drag to
pressure drag.
Significant reduction in lift results.
Notion of stall: large reduction in lift (highly unstable operating
condition)
Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

All about Lift

Generation of lift force
high pressure on bottom surface, low pressure on top surface
means of destroying flow symmetry
non-zero angle of attack on symmetry airfoil
asymmetric airfoil at zero angle of attack
positive camber gives positive lift

Design criterion of airfoil design

optimize the lift-to-drag ratio

Lift coefficient
definition (similar to drag coefficient)
take-off condition (L > W)
cruise condition (L = W)
Lecture 30

ES 202 Fluid & Thermal

Systems

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