Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
Lecture1:CircuitsI
GregPottie
pottie@ee.ucla.edu
+1.310.825.8150
56147GEngIV
EE3Prof.GregPottie
CourseOutline
Circuitfundamentals:theoryandhandsonexperiencetoprovide
technicalexplanationof:
Telecommunications
ElectricalGrid
ComputingandControl
Devices:pnjunction(diodes,transistors,photonics)
Technologytrends
GoalistoprovideabasicunderstandingofthegreatEE
inventionsandthosetocome,andprovideanopportunityinthe
labtobecomefamiliarwithdevicesdescribedinlecture,and
produceaworkingdesign.
Afterfourweeksofsetlabstoillustrateequipmentanddevice
operation,willhavefiveweekstocreateownproject
EE3Prof.GregPottie
CourseOutlineIII
Grades
Homework10%
Labs10%
Project40%
Quizzes10%
Final30%
Quizzes
Weeks3,5
Project
Evaluationbasedonperformanceatend,andinfinaloral/writtenreports.
Labsandprojectsillustrateconceptspresentedinlecture
EE3Prof.GregPottie
BasicCircuitTheory
Inthiscourse,wewillshowhowtheideasbehindmanyof
themostfamousdevelopmentsinelectricalengineering
canbeexplainedusingrelativelysimplecircuits.
Wenowexploresomeofthebasicmethodsforanalyzing
thebehaviorofcircuits.
EE230BProf.GregPottie
BasicPhysics
Acurrentconsistsofaflowofcharges(usuallyelectrons,
butsometimesholes).Whileelectronsarenegatively
charged,byconventioncurrentispositiveinthedirection
ofthearrow.
Resistors:electronsacceleratedbyavoltagecollidewith
thematerialanddissipateenergyasheat(OhmsLaw)
Capacitors:Likechargesrepeleachother(Coulombs
Law);butavoltagecanforcethemclosertotogether,
storingenergy.
Inductors:currentproducesamagneticfield(Faradays
Law);thisfieldcannotcollapseimmediately,andwhenit
doesitreleasesenergybackintothecircuit
EE3Prof.GregPottie
OhmsLaw
Thecurrentthroughauniformmaterialofcrosssectional
areaA,resistivity,andlengthlduetoanappliedvoltage
Vis
AV
I=
= V /R; i.e., V = IR
l
Riscalledtheresistance.Energyisdissipatedinresistors
intheformofheat;allpracticalcircuitelementscontain
someresistance,andthustherearealwayslossesascurrent
flows.ThepowerdissipatedisVI=RI2.
Resistancegenerallyincreaseswithtemperature.Some
materialsalsodisplaychangesinresistanceinthepresence
ofelectricormagneticfields;thisiscrucialtothe
operationoftransistors.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
CoulombsLaw
ConsiderchargesQ1andQ2separatedbyadistancer.
Theforcebetweenthemobeys
Q1Q2
F 2 N
r
+Q1
+Q2
Thus,energyisrequiredtobringthechargestogether.
Incircuits,thisisaccomplishedbyapplyingavoltage.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
Example:ParallelPlateCapacitor
SupposetheplateshaveareaA,
electricfieldE
+
IfthevoltagebetweentheplatesisV,thenV=Ed.Thecapacitance
isC=A/d.Observethatlargerplatesenablemorechargeatagiven
density,whilesmallerdresultsinmoreforceandthusmoreenergy
stored.
Sincetheaccumulatedchargeisjusttheintegralofthecurrent,it
maybeshownthatthevoltage/currentrelationsare
1
v=
C
dv
idt; i = C dt
0
EE3Prof.GregPottie
MagneticFields
MagneticfieldsBariseduetomotionofcharges,for
example,acurrentIinawireoflengthl.Foracurrent
elementIdl
I R
Bpointsintopage
0 Idlsin
dB =
4 r 2
r
dl
Foraninfinitelengthwire,themagneticfieldcirclesthewire
accordingtotherighthandruleforcurrent(thumbwiththe
current,fingerscurlwiththefield).Integratingtheexpression
forthecurrentelement,
0I
B=
2R
EE3Prof.GregPottie
MagneticFieldsII
Theforceperunitlengthbetweentwoparallelinfinite
lengthwiresis
I
I
1
F
I
= I2 0 1
l
2R
F
Sinceitcanproduceforces,evidentlythemagneticfieldalso
storesenergy.Thisismeasuredbytheinductance.Foran
inductor,thevoltage/currentrelationsare
di
1 t
v = L ; i = vdt
dt
L
EE3Prof.GregPottie
10
WaterandElectricalCurrentFlow
Analogies
Battery;raisesvoltage=Pump;raisespressure
Eachdriveflow.
Resistance;causesvoltagedrop=Thinnessofpipe;causes
backpressure.Eachresistflow.
Capacitance;storeschargeinresponsetovoltage=Storage
tank;storeswaterinresponsetopressureforlaterrelease
Inductance;storesmagneticenergyinresponseto
current=Momentumofcurrentflow;kineticenergybuilds
withflowvolume/velocity
Amplifier;lowvoltageinputcontrolshighvoltageoutput;
Gateindam;lowenergycontrolproduceslargewaterflow
EE3Prof.GregPottie
11
ModelsandAbstractions
Physicsmodelsofcircuits:lawsbywhichmovingcharge
resultsinEMfields,EMwaves;energyconservationlaws
Essentialforcreatingnewdevicesandinunderstanding
howcircuitelementswork.
But
Forbuildingcircuits,levelofabstractionistoolow;we
needconstructionsthatmakecalculationseasier.Thisis
similartotherelationofNewtonianandquantum
mechanics.Thelatterisfundamental,butcomputationally
intractableatlargescale.Inbuildingsystems,thereare
manylevelsofabstraction,suitableatdifferentscales
EE3Prof.GregPottie
12
KirchhoffsVoltageLaw
KVL:Thesumofvoltagesinaclosedcircuitiszero
i
+
+
vs
v1
ByOhmslaw,v1=iR;byKVL,vsv1=0.Thesigns
attachedtothevoltageareifitisagainand+ifalossin
thedirectionofthecurrent(somebooksusetheopposite
convention).
Thus,v1vs=0;v1=vs;i=vs/R
EE3Prof.GregPottie
13
Determinev1,v2,i,intermsofvs,R1,R2
i
+
vs
EFTS
R1
+ v1
+
v2
R2
Solution:ByKVLandOhmsLaw,
v s v1 v 2 = 0; v s = v1 + v 2 = iR1 + iR2
vs
v s = i(R1 + R2 ); i =
R1 + R2
vs
vs
v1 = iR1 =
R1; v 2 = iR2 =
R2
R1 + R2
R1 + R2
Example : v s = 12 V, R1 = 4, R2 = 8.
Theni = 1A, v1 = 4V , v 2 = 8V .
EE3Prof.GregPottie
14
EnergyInterpretation
+
+
vs
R1
+ v1
+
v2
R2
Q=chargemovingthroughthecircuit
W=workperformedbythevoltagesource
W = W1 + W 2
W W1 W 2
=
+
Q
Q Q
emf = v s = v1 + v 2
Thus,KVLisanenergyconservationlaw.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
15
ApplicationtoRLCCircuits
i
vs
di 1
v s = iR + L +
dt C
i dt
KVLappliestobothstaticandvariablesources,andto
resistiveandreactiveloads.
Wewilllatershowhowtosolvesuchequations.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
16
KirchhoffsCurrentLaw
KCL:thesumofthecurrentsleavingajunctioniszero
i2
i1
i3
Whatdoesthislawconserve? Obviously,charge.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
17
i0
+
vs
Example
i1
i2
R1
R2
ApplyKCLtothejunctionabovetheresistors
i0 + i1 + i2 = 0; i0 = i1 + i2
The+/signscomefromi1andi2leavewhilei0enters.
Todeterminethecurrentvalues,useOhmsLawandKVL
v s = i1R1 = i2 R2
ThesameconclusionisreachedapplyingKCLtothe
bottomjunction.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
18
i0
+
vs
EFTS
i1
i2
R1
R2
Determinei0,i1,i2if
vs=10,R1=10,R2=5.
Solution:
v s = i1R1 = i2 R2
10i1 = 10; i1 = 1
i0 = 3
5i2 = 10; i2 = 2
TheequivalentresistiveloadRoftheparallelresistorsis
i0 R' = 10;R' = 10 /3
EE3Prof.GregPottie
19
Tricks
WecanuseKVL,KCL,etc.tosolveforvoltages
andcurrentsincomplexcircuits
However,insteadwebuildothermethodsbasedonthem
tosimplifythecalculations.
Wewilllookatparallelandseriescircuits,meshcurrents,
nodeequations,andreuseofcertainknownsolutionsthat
frequentlyrecurascircuitcomponents.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
20
EquivalentCircuits
Twosetsofcircuitsareconsideredequivalentifthey
presentthesamevirelationstocircuitsthatareattachedto
them
OnePortNetwork
TwoPortNetwork
i1
+
v
R2
R1
R2
v1
R1
R3
1virelationneeded
R3
i2
+
v2
2virelationsneeded
EE3Prof.GregPottie
21
SeriesCircuits
Seriesresistorsdividevoltageamongthembutotherwisecan
bereplacedwithanequivalentresistorequaltotheirsum
i
+
v
i
+
v1
R1
+
v2
R2
UsingKVL,v = v1 + v 2
iR1 + iR2
i(R1 + R2 ) = iReq
R2
Further,v 2 =
v
R1 + R2
+
v
Req
Ingeneral,Req = R1 + R2 +K + Rn
Similarlyforseriesinductors,
Leq = L1 + L2 +K + Ln
EE3Prof.GregPottie
22
ParallelCircuits
Parallelresistancesdividecurrentamongthem
i
i1
i2
R1
R2
UsingKCL,i = i1 + i2
v
v
i= +
R1 R2
R1 + R2
i=
v v / Req
R1R2
R1
Moreover,i2 =
i
R1 + R2
R1R2 R3
With3resistors,Req =
R1R2 + R1R3 + R2 R3
Afruitfulapproachistoalwaysworkwithpairs,andthencombinethem.
Forparallelcapacitors,Ceq = C1 + C2 + ...+ Cn
EE3Prof.GregPottie
23
Example
Ratherthanwritemeshequations,weuserelationsfor
parallelandseriesresistances.
2
12V
i2
Fortheparallelresistors
4(8)
R par =
= 32 /12
4 +8
Nowtherearetworesistorsinseries
i
ForseriesresistorsReq = 2 + 32 /12
32 /12
v par =
12 = 6.86
2 + 32 /12
4
Usingthecurrentdividerrelation,i2 = i = 0.86A
12
EE3Prof.GregPottie
24
EFTS
Determinethecurrentsandvoltages.
i
i2
2
12V
Fortheparallelresistors
2(2)
R par =
=1
2+2
Therearenowthreeseriesresistorswithvalues2,1,3;
Req=6
V=iReq;i=12/6=2A.Thusthevoltagedropacrossthefirst
resistoris4V,2Vacrosstheparallelresistors,and6V
acrossthelastone.
Sincetheparallelresistancesareequal,thecurrentis
equallydivided,andi2=1A.
EE3Prof.GregPottie
25
Summary
Toanalyzecircuits,wemakeuseofphysicsandthenbuildmore
abstractmodels
Lumpedelements
KCLandKVL
ParallelandSeriescircuit
Nextwewillconsiderblackboxapproacheswhere
combinationsofelementsareconsideredasiftheywereasingle
unit,andconsidergeneralmethodsforsolvingcircuits
EE3Prof.GregPottie
26
Appendix:CommonCircuitElementsI
Ausefulabstractionistheconceptofthecircuitdiagramwithlumped
circuitelements(inrealityevenwireshavesomeresistance,inductanceand
capacitance)
i
R
Resistor
v R = iR; Units = Ohms
+ vR
i
Capacitor
Inductor
dv
i = C ;
dt
+ vC
di
v =L ;
+ vL
dt
i
Shortcircuit
Opencircuit
1 t
i = V dt; Units = HenrysH
L
v = 0 forany i
1 t
v = i dt; Units = FaradsF
C
i = 0 forany v
EE3Prof.GregPottie
27
CommonCircuitElementsII
Idealvoltage
source
vs
Idealcurrent
source
Operational
amplifier
Diode
Transistor
v = v s forany i
is
v1
v2
v3
or
i = is forany v
Amplificationdependsonbiascircuits
Rectifies
Amplifiesorsaturates
EE3Prof.GregPottie
28