ECEG 6308

Analysis and Design of Antenna

Chapter-1
Introduction to Antenna and its
Fundamental Parameters
Dr.-Ing. Getahun Mekuria
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Faculty of Technology
Addis Ababa University (AAU)

Antennas- Definition
Antennas are transducers i.e. devices which transform electric energy
to electromagnetic energy and vice versa.
This energy transformation enables an electric signal to traverse a
wireless path.
Thus, antennas are integral and most essential components of all
wireless communication links.

Antenna as a Transition/Transducer Device

Types of Antennas
Wire Antennas
Aperture Antennas
Microstrip Antennas
Array Antennas
Reflector Antennas
Lens Antennas

Type of Antenna Wire Antennas

Wire Antenna Configurations

Type of Antenna Aperture Antennas

Aperture Antenna Configurations

Type of Antenna Microstrip Antennas

Micro strip Antenna Configurations

Type of Antenna Antenna Arrays

Array Antenna Configurations

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Type of Antenna Reflector Antennas

Reflector Antenna Configurations

Type of Antenna Lens Antennas

Lens Antenna Configurations

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Classes of Antennas- Based on Applications

Broadcast Antennas Commercial AM radio broadcasting uses the MF range and requires equal
coverage in all direction
Vertically, or horizontally Polarized Linear Antennas, in most cases

VHF Antennas
VHF and UHF ranges are mostly used for TV Broadcasting
Horizontally Polarized Yagi Antennas, in most of the cases

Mobile and Wirelss Link Antennas

Size and mobility are the prime concerns for these applications.
Commonest antennas used are monopoles, patch antennas and a modified
version thereof known as Printed Inverted F Antenna (PIFA).

Satellite Links and RADAR Antennas:

Since these links require extremely sharp directed beams, the antennas of
choice are paraboloidal reflectors and lenses, Cassegrain antenna.
Requirements on performance indicators are even more stringent for
satellite links due to much higher range of coverage.
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Circularly polarized

How is Radiation Taking Place:

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How is Radiation Taking Place:

The previous Equation shows the basic relation between current and charge, and it also
serves as the fundamental relation of electromagnetic radiation.

It simply states that to create radiation, there must be:

a time-varying current or
an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge.

To create acceleration (or deceleration) of charges the wire must be:

curved,
bent,
discontinuous, or terminated

Periodic charge acceleration (or deceleration) or time-varying current is also created

when:
charge is oscillating in a time-harmonic motion
Therefore:
1. If a charge is not moving, current is not created and there is no radiation.
2. If charge is moving with a uniform velocity:
a. There is no radiation if the wire is straight, and infinite in extent.
b. There is radiation if the wire is curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated, or
truncated
3. If charge is oscillating in a time-motion, it radiates even if the wire is straight.

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The Indispensable Dipole

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The Indispensable Antenna- The Dipole

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The Indispensable Antenna- The Dipole

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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

Radiation (Antenna) Pattern:

a mathematical or a graphical representation of the radiation properties
(such as Amplitude, Phase, Polarization) of the antenna as a function of
space coordinates, (0 1800 )and (0 3600)

Field and Power are normalized with respect to their maximum value, yielding
normalized field and power patterns.

Field pattern ( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the magnitude of the
electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.

Power pattern( in linear scale) typically represents a plot of the square of the
magnitude of the electric or magnetic field as a function of the angular space.

Power pattern( in dB) represents the magnitude of the electric or magnetic field,
indecibels, as a functionof the angular space.

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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

Amplitude Radiation Pattern

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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas

Major Lobe
the radiation lobe containing the
direction of maximum radiation
Minor Lobe
Any radiation lobe other than the
Major Lobe
Side Lobe
a radiation lobe in any direction
other than the intended lobe
Back Lobe
Symmetrical opposite to the Major
Lobe
Half-Power Beam Width (HPBW)
First Null Beam Width (FNBW)

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Radiation Power Density and Radiated Power

The time average Poynting vector (average power density) is given

by:

E and H are Peak Values

and not RMS values

the average power radiated by an antenna (radiated power)

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Radiation Intensity:

Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as the power

radiated from an antenna per unit solid angle.

As a summary:

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Beam width

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Directivity and Gain

One very important Description of an Antenna is how much it concentrates

energy in one direction in preference to radiation in other directions. This is
called directivity and is equal to its power gain if the antenna is 100%
efficient.
The Power Radiated from the Antenna can be calculated from:

In general there will be both and components of the radiation fields.

Expressing these fields as:

Then, the radiated Power is:

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Directivity and Gain

Therefore, the radiation Intensity:

Radiation Intensity is the radiated power in a given direction per unit solid
angle and is independent of the distance r.
Introducing the normalized electric field F(,) leads to:

Where Um is the maximum radiation Intensity and |F(,)|2 expresses the

and variation with a maximum value of 1.
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Directivity and Gain

Then, the total radiated Power is obtained by integrating the radiation

intensity over all angles around the Antenna as:

An Isotropic source with uniform radiation in all directions is only

hypothetical but is a useful concept.
The radiation Intensity of an isotropic source is constant over all space, at a
a value of Uave. Then:

For non-isotropic sources:

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Directivity and Gain

The Average radiation Intensity, Uave, may also be defined as the radiation
intensity of an isotropic source which radiates the same total power, Pr, as
a real antenna, which produces U(,)

Directive Gain: is then defined as the ratio of the radiation Intensity in a

certain direction to the average radiation Intensity over all directions:

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Directivity and Gain

Making some substitutions;

Where A: is the Antenna beam solid angle defined as:

A: is the solid angle through which all the power would be radiated id the
power per unit solid angle (Radiation Intensity) equaled the max. value over
the beam area.

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Directivity and Gain

Directivity: is now simply defined as the maximum value of Directive Gain

Or

Again, re-writing some of the terms, we get:

Since, the value of |F(,)|2 is 1, then we see that the max. value of
Directive Gain is the Directivity, D

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Directivity and Gain

Power Gain (Gain): is then defined as the 4 times the ratio of the
radiation intensity in a given direction to the Antenna Input Powern

The Max. Value of Power Gain is given by:

Comparing equations () and (.) for Directiviy and Power Gain, the only
difference is the input power Pin

Therefore, Directiviy can be understood as the Power Gain an Antenna

would have if all the input power apeared as radiated power.
Power Gain reflects that real antennas do not behave in this fashion and
that there are power losses due to impedance mismatches and
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discontinuties.

Directivity and Gain

Radiation Efficiency: as the ratio between the radiated power to the Input
power:

And the Directivity and the Power Gain are then related as:

Or:

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Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

PEIRP or simply EIRP is defined as the Power gain of a transmitting

antenna in a given direction multiplied by the net power accepted by the
antenna from the connected transmitter:

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

Consider an element of current of length z along the z-axis centered at

the origin:

The one-dimensional integral for the Vector Potential of a constant

amplitude I is given by:

Since z is very small, then R can be approximated as r, then:

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

From Maxwells Equations, and relations to Vector Potential:

For the Far Field Region,

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

Taking the ratio of the magnitudes

of the electric and magnetic fields:

The Complex Power flowing out of a sphere of radius r surrounding the

ideal dipole:

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

Inserting the E and H fields in the equation for Radiation Intensity: we get

The Average Radiation Intensity follows from the total radiate power as:
Thus, Um = 1.5Uave, for ideal
dipole, means that in the
direction of max. radiation, the
radiation intensity is 50% more
than that which would occur
from isotropic source radiating
the same 37
total power.

Ideal Dipole- an Example

The Directivity of the Ideal Dipole is then:

But, usually, Directiviy is calculated by first computing the beam solid angle:

Then, using Equation (.)

Or: in decibels
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Beam Width

Beam Solid Angle: Consider a highly directive antenna, which concentrates all of
its radiated power Prad into a small solid angle

where g(,) is the normalized gain, that can be expressed as:

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Beam Width

Then it follows from the definition above:

Using the approximation:

For small Beam angles:

Then the Directivity can be expressed in terms of beam angle as:

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Beam Width

Example: Determine the gain in dB of a dish antenna of diameter of 0.5 m operating

at a satellite downlink frequency of 4 GHz and having 60% aperture efficiency. Repeat
if the downlink frequency is 11 GHz. Repeat if the diameter is doubled to 1 m.

The Effective Area and Gain are calculated from:

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Effective Area

When an antenna is operating as a receiving antenna, it extracts a certain amount of

power from an incident electromagnetic wave.
An incident wave coming from a far distance may be thought of as a uniform plane
wave being intercepted by the antenna.

The power density of the incident wave at the location of the receiving antenna can
be expressed in terms of the electric field of the wave,

The effective area or effective aperture A of the antenna is defined to be that area
which when intercepted by the incident power density Pinc gives the amount of
received power PR available at the antenna output terminals.
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Effective Area

For lossy Antenna:

Thus, we may also define the maximum effective aperture Am as the area which
extracts the power Prad from the incident wave

The effective area depends on the direction of arrival (,) of the incident wave.
For all antennas, it can be shown that the effective area A(,) is related to the
power gain G(,) and the wavelength = c/f as follows:

Similarly, because G(,)= eD(,), the maximum effective aperture will be related
to the directive gain by:
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Effective Area

In practice, the quoted effective area A of an antenna is the value corresponding to

the direction of maximal gain Gmax. We write in this case:

Similarly, we have for the directivity:

In terms of frequency:

The effective area is not equal to the physical area of an antenna.

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Effective Area

For example, linear antennas do not even have any characteristic physical area. For
dish or horn antennas, on the other hand, the effective area is typically a fraction of
the physical area (about 5565 percent for dishes and 6080 percent for horns.)
For example, if the dish has a diameter of d meters, then we have:

where ea is the aperture efficiency factor, typically ea = 0.550.65

Antennas fall into two classes:

Fixed-Area Antennas, such as dish antennas, for which A is independent of
frequency, and
Fixed-Gain Antennas, such as linear antennas, for which G is independent of
frequency.
For fixed-area antennas, the gain increases quadratically with f.45
For fixed-gain antennas, A decreases quadratically with f.

Antenna Equivalent Circuit:

The Current at the Antenna Input:

Then we determine the following parameters:

(a) the total power Ptot produced by the generator,

(b) the power PT delivered to the antenna terminals, and

(c) the power PG lost in the generators internal resistance R G

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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:

It is evident that Ptot = PT +PG. A portion of the power PT delivered to the antenna is
radiated away, say an amount Prad, and the rest is dissipated as ohmic losses, say Pohm.

Thus, PT = Prad + Pohm. These two parts can be represented conveniently by equivalent
resistances by writing RA = Rrad + Rohm, where Rrad is referred to as the radiation
resistance. Thus, we have,

The Efficiency factor is then:

To maximize the amount of power PT delivered to the antenna (and thus minimize the
power lost in the generators internal resistance), the load impedance must satisfy the
usual conjugate matching condition:

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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:

In this case:

And the maximum power transferred to the load will be one-half the totalthe other half
being lost in RG, that is,

This is the Available Power from the Generator to the Antenna:

If the Antenna and the Generator are mismatched:

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Antenna Equivalent Circuit:

In this case of Receiving Antenna:

When the Antenna and the Load are matched:

If the Antenna and the Load are mismatched:

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

Consider am Ideal dipole of radius a, length 1m and operating at 1MHz

The Ohmic Resistance can be calculated as:

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Ideal Dipole- an Example

The Antenna Efficiency is then:

This is a low-efficient Antenna. Since the radiation Resistance increases with length
squared and ohmic resistance increases linearly with length, the radiation efficiency
could be increased by lengthning the Antenna.
For Broadcast Receiving Antennas, low efficiency is frequently overcome by using high
power transmitters operating into tall antenns that are efficient. Thus cost and
complexity are concentrated into transmitting stations allowing inexpensive and simple
receiving Antennas.

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