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Unit 7

System storage overview

Copyright IBM Corporation 2009


Course materials may not be reproduced in whole or in part without the prior written permission of IBM.

5.2

Unit objectives
IBM Power Systems

After completing this unit, you should be able to:


Describe the terminology and concepts associated with:
Physical volumes
Volume groups
Logical volumes
Physical partitions
Logical partitions

Describe how file systems and logical volumes are related

Components of AIX storage


IBM Power Systems

Physical storage
Logical storage
File systems
Directories
Files

Managed by
Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

Traditional UNIX disk storage


IBM Power Systems

Partition 1
Partition 2

Partition 4

Partition 5

Partition 3

Problems:
Fixed partitions
Expanding size of the partition
Limitation on size of a file system and a file
Contiguous data requirement
Time and effort required in planning ahead

Benefits of the LVM


IBM Power Systems

Solves noncontiguous space problems


Data can span disks
Sizes can be dynamically increased
Data can be mirrored for availability
New disks are easily added to the system
Data can be relocated
LVM (data) statistics can be collected

These tasks can be performed dynamically!

Logical Volume Manager components


IBM Power Systems

Physical
partitions
(PPs)

Logical
partitions
(LPs)
1
2
3
4
5
6
x
y
z

Physical
volumes
(PVs)

Logical
volume (LVs)

Volume
group

write(data)
;
Application

Physical storage
IBM Power Systems

Volume
group A

PV1

Volume
group B

PV2

PP1
PP2
PP3
PP4
PP5
PP6
PV3

PV4

Physical
volume
/dev/hdiskn

PV5

PPn

Original volume groups


-t factor

Big volume groups

Disks (PVs) PPs per PV Disks (PVs)

-t factor

32

1016

128

2
4

16
8

2032
4064

64
32

2
4

8
16
N/A
N/A

4
2
N/A
N/A

8128
16256
32512
65024

16
8
4
2

8
16
32
64

Volume groups
IBM Power Systems

Volume group types:

Original
Big
Scalable

Limits

Volume Group
Type

Max
PVs

Max LVs

Max PPs per


VG

Max PP
Size

Original

32

256

32512
(1016 * 32)

1 GB

Big

128

512

130048
(1016 * 128)

1 GB

Scalable

1024

4096

2097152

128 GB

AIX contains one mandatory Volumes Group: rootvg

rootvg is created on system install


Contains the AIX Operating System

Why create new volume groups?

Separate user data from operating system files.


Disaster recovery
Data portability
Data integrity and security

rootvg
PV1

datavg
PV2

PV3

Volume group descriptor area


IBM Power Systems

One-disk VG

VGDA
VGDA

Two-disk VG

VGDA
VGDA

Three-disk or more
VG

VGDA
VGDA

VGDA

VGDA

VGDA

Logical storage
IBM Power Systems

Physical volumes
1
7
13
19
25
31
35
41
47

2
8
14
20
26
32
36
42
48

3
9
15
21
27
33
37
43
49

4
10
16
22
28
34
38
44
50

1
7
13
19
25
31
35
41
47

2
8
14
20
26
32
36
42
48

3
9
15
21
27
33
37
43
49

Logical Volume Manager


1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Logical
volume

Logical
volume

Logical
partitions

4
10
16
22
28
34
38
44
50

Uses of logical volumes


IBM Power Systems

A logical volume may contain one of the following:

Journaled (JFS) or enhanced journaled file system (JFS2)


Journal log (/dev/hd8)
Paging space (/dev/hd6)
Boot logical volume (/dev/hd5)
Dump device
Nothing (raw logical volume)

Examples of JFS/JFS2 logical volumes:


/dev/hd1 /home
/dev/hd2 /usr
/dev/hd3 /tmp
/dev/hd4 /
/dev/hd9var
/var
/dev/hd10opt
/opt
/dev/hd11admin
/dev/lv00 /myfilesystem

/admin

What is a file system?


IBM Power Systems

A file system is:


Method of storing data
Hierarchy of directories

Seven types supported:

Journaled File System (JFS)


Enhanced Journaled File System (JFS2)
CD-ROM File System (CDRFS)
DVD-ROM File System (UDFS)
Network File System (NFS)
Common Internet Filesystem (CIFS)
Proc File System (PROCFS)

Different file systems are connected together through


directories to form the view of files that users see.

Why have multiple file systems?


IBM Power Systems

Can strategically place it on disk for improved performance


Some tasks are performed more efficiently on a file system
than on each directory within the file system, for example, back
up, move, secure an entire file system.
Can limit disk usage of users by file system through quotas
Maintain integrity of the entire file system structure, for
example, if one file system is corrupted, the others are not
affected
Special security situations
Organize data and programs into groups for ease of file
management and better performance

Standard file systems in AIX


IBM Power Systems

hd4
/ (root)

home

hd1

opt

sbin

lpp

proc

usr

dev tftpboot var

mnt

etc tmp

hd10opt

hd2

hd9var

hd3

/
csm

freeware

bin

lib

sbin

spool adm tmp

Note: The drawing depicts logical, not physical volumes.

/etc/filesystems
IBM Power Systems

/:

dev =
vol =
mount
check
vfs =
log =
type

/home:

dev =
vol =
mount
check
vfs =
log =

/dev/hd4
root
= automatic
= false
jfs2
/dev/hd8
= bootfs
/dev/hd1
/home
= true
= true
jfs2
/dev/hd8

/home/team01:

dev = /dev/fslv00
vfs = jfs2
log = /dev/loglv00
mount
= true
options
= rw
account
= false

Mount
IBM Power Systems

mount is the glue that logically connects file systems to the


directory hierarchy.
File systems are associated with devices represented by special
files in /dev (the logical volume).
When a file system is mounted, the logical volume and its
contents are connected to a directory in the hierarchical tree
structure.
## mount
mount /dev/fslv00
/dev/fslv00 /home/patsie
/home/patsie

What to
mount

Where to
mount it

Mounting over an empty directory


IBM Power Systems

Before

After

home

home

liz

john

patsie

data

doc

liz

john

patsie

.profile
.exrc
myscript

.profile
.exrc
myscript

data

doc

Mounting over files


IBM Power Systems

Before

After

home

home

liz

john

reports

patsie

liz

john

patsie

.profile
.exrc

pgms

.profile
.exrc
myscript

.profile
.exrc
myscript
data

doc

data

doc

Listing file systems


IBM Power Systems

## lsfs
lsfs
Name
Name
/dev/hd4
/dev/hd4
/dev/hd1
/dev/hd1
/dev/hd2
/dev/hd2
/dev/hd9var
/dev/hd9var
/dev/hd3
/dev/hd3
/proc
/proc
/dev/hd10opt
/dev/hd10opt
/dev/hd11admin
/dev/hd11admin
/dev/fslv00
/dev/fslv00

Nodename
Nodename
-------------------

Mount
Mount Pt
Pt
//
/home
/home
/usr
/usr
/var
/var
/tmp
/tmp
/proc
/proc
/opt
/opt
/admin
/admin
/db2
/db2

VFS
Options
VFS Size
Size
Options
jfs2
jfs2 1966080
1966080 --jfs2
jfs2 131072
131072 --jfs2
jfs2 4587520
4587520 --jfs2
jfs2 655360
655360 --jfs2
jfs2 393216
393216 --procfs
-procfs ---jfs2
jfs2 524288
524288 --jfs2
jfs2 262144
262144 --jfs2
jfs2 262144
262144 rw
rw

Auto
Auto Accounting
Accounting
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
yes
yes no
no
no
no no
no

Listing logical volume information


IBM Power Systems

List all logical volumes for a volume group

## lsvg
lsvg -l
-l rootvg
rootvg
rootvg:
rootvg:
LV
LV NAME
NAME
hd5
hd5
hd6
hd6
hd8
hd8
hd4
hd4
hd2
hd2
hd9var
hd9var
hd3
hd3
hd1
hd1
loglv00
loglv00
hd11admin
hd11admin
fslv00
fslv00

TYPE
TYPE
boot
boot
paging
paging
jfs2log
jfs2log
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2
jfs2log
jfs2log
jfs
jfs
jfs2
jfs2

LPs
LPs
11
88
11
15
15
35
35
55
33
11
11
22
22

PPs
PPs
22
16
16
22
30
30
70
70
10
10
66
22
22
44
44

PVs
PVs
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22

LV
LV STATE
STATE
closed/syncd
closed/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
closed/syncd
closed/syncd
open/syncd
open/syncd
closed/syncd
closed/syncd

MOUNT
MOUNT POINT
POINT
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
//
/usr
/usr
/var
/var
/tmp
/tmp
/home
/home
N/A
N/A
/admin
/admin
/db2
/db2

Checkpoint (1 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

5. V______ G______

1. V______ G______
D ______ A______
VGDA

2. P______ P ______

3. L_____ P______

4. L______ V_______

6. P______ V______

Checkpoint solutions (1 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

5. Volume Group

1. Volume Group___
Descriptor Area__
VGDA

2. Physical Partition

3. Logical Partition

4. Logical Volume

6. Physical Volume

Checkpoint (2 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

7. How many different physical partition (PP) sizes can be set


within a single VG? ____________
8. By default, how big are PPs?
____________________________________________
____________________________________________

9. How many volume groups (VGs) can a physical volume (PV)


belong to?
a) Depends on what you specify through SMIT
b) Only one
c) As many VGs as exist on the system
10. True or False: All VGDA information on your system is identical,
regardless of how many volume groups (VGs) exist.

Checkpoint solutions (2 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

7. How many different physical partition (PP) sizes can be set


within a single VG? One
8. By default, how big are PPs? Traditionally 4 MB, but LVM
chooses an optimal size based on the #PPs/PV and the size
of largest PV in the VG.
9. How many volume groups (VGs) can a physical volume (PV)
belong to?
a) Depends on what you specify through SMIT
b) Only one
c) As many VGs as exist on the system
10. True or False: All VGDA information on your system is identical,
regardless of how many volume groups (VGs) exist. All VGDAs
within a VG are the same.

Checkpoint (3 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

Use the following output to answer the questions below:


## lsfs
lsfs
Name
Nodename
VFS
Name
Nodename Mount
Mount Pt
Pt
VFS
/dev/hd4
-/
jfs2
/dev/hd4
-/
jfs2
/dev/hd1
-/home
jfs2
/dev/hd1
-/home
jfs2
/dev/hd2
-/usr
jfs2
/dev/hd2
-/usr
jfs2
/dev/hd9var
/var
jfs2
/dev/hd9var --/var
jfs2
/dev/hd3
-/tmp
jfs2
/dev/hd3
-/tmp
jfs2
/dev/hd10opt
/opt
jfs2
/dev/hd10opt --/opt
jfs2
/dev/cd0
-/infocd
cdrfs
/dev/cd0
-/infocd
cdrfs
/dev/lv00
-/home/john
/dev/lv00
-/home/john jfs2
jfs2
/dev/hd11admin
/admin
jfs2
/dev/hd11admin --/admin
jfs2

Size
Size Options
Options
294912
294912 --32768
-32768
-3309568
3309568 --65536
-65536
-131072
131072 --163840
163840 --ro
ro
32768
rw
32768
rw
262144
262144 ---

Auto
Auto
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

Accounting
Accounting
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no

11. With which logical volume is the /home file system associated?
_____________________________________________________
12. What type of file systems are being displayed?
_____________________________________________________
13. What is the mount point for the file system located on the /dev/hd4 logical
volume? _____________________________________________
14. Which file system is used primarily to hold user data and home directories?
_____________________________________________________

Checkpoint solutions (3 of 3)
IBM Power Systems

Use the following output to answer the questions below:


## lsfs
lsfs
Name
Nodename
VFS
Name
Nodename Mount
Mount Pt
Pt
VFS
/dev/hd4
-/
jfs2
/dev/hd4
-/
jfs2
/dev/hd1
-/home
jfs2
/dev/hd1
-/home
jfs2
/dev/hd2
-/usr
jfs2
/dev/hd2
-/usr
jfs2
/dev/hd9var
/var
jfs2
/dev/hd9var --/var
jfs2
/dev/hd3
-/tmp
jfs2
/dev/hd3
-/tmp
jfs2
/dev/hd10opt
/opt
jfs2
/dev/hd10opt --/opt
jfs2
/dev/cd0
-/infocd
cdrfs
/dev/cd0
-/infocd
cdrfs
/dev/lv00
-/home/john
/dev/lv00
-/home/john jfs2
jfs2
/dev/hd11admin-/admin
jfs2
/dev/hd11admin-/admin
jfs2

Size
Size Options
Options
294912
294912 --32768
-32768
-3309568
3309568 --65536
-65536
-131072
131072 --163840
163840 --ro
ro
32768
rw
32768
rw
262144
262144 ---

Auto
Auto
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes

Accounting
Accounting
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no
no

11. With which logical volume is the /home file system associated?
/dev/hd1
12. What type of file systems are being displayed?
Enhanced journaled file systems (JFS2), and CD-ROM (CDRFS)
13. What is the mount point for the file system located on the /dev/hd4 logical
volume?
/
14. Which file system is used primarily to hold user data and home directories?
/home

Exercise 7
IBM Power Systems

System
storage

Unit summary
IBM Power Systems

Having completed this unit, you should be able to:


Describe the terminology and concepts associated with:
Physical volumes
Volume groups
Logical volumes
Physical partitions
Logical partitions

Describe how file systems and logical volumes are


related

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