EXPLORATION

GEOPHYSICS

Seismic Data Interpretation

Program
Studi
Physiography of
IndonesiaTeknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian
dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti

Dr. Ir. Eko

Widianto, MT
Semester Genap_2015
- 2016

LECTURE MATERIALS
1

INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of

3
4
5
6
7
8

10

11

Geophysical Methods

Fundamental of Seismic Method

Seismic Acquisition
Seismic Processing
Seismic Structural Interpretation
Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation
Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)
Review of Gravity Method
Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data
Utilization
Gravity data analysis for Oil and Gas
Exploration
Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir
Monitoring
2

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
1. Objectives
2. Structural Interpretation
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.

Data Preparation
Well Seismic Ties
Horizon Picking
Horizon Tracing and Fault Identification
Horizon Reading and Posting
Fault Reconstruction
Contouring
Reporting

3. Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation

4. Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator

OBJECTIVES
1. Interpreting the geological
structure, the elements
and the processes of
occurrence as well as the
factors that influenced
them.
2. Provide recommendation
of prospective area and
risk contained therein.

Remainder of this Course

Seismic Interpretation and Beyond

Develop a Geologic Framework

Apply the Geologic Framework to
Prospecting (Exploration)
Given our time constraints, we will only be able to
look at a subset of the concepts, procedures and
tools that geologist and geophysicists use in the
exploration phase of the oil & gas industry

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FWS 04

L 9 Overview

Explorations Task
Identify
Opportunitie
s
Acquire
Seismic Data

Interpret
Seismic Data

Capture
Prime Areas

From Lecture 1
Drill
Wildcats

Process
Seismic Data

Failure

Assess
Prospects

Confirmation
Well
Uneconomic

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FWS 04

Success

Drop
Prospec
t

Success

To Development
Or Production
L 9 Overview

Geologic Framework
Using all available data (wells, seismic, outcrop,
regional
studies,Interpretation
gravity, magnetics, etc.) build
Structural
a framework of present-day structure and
Faults &stratigraphy
Folds

Subsidence & Uplift

Structural Trends
Structural Features

Stratigraphic
Interpretation
Unconformities
Stratal Packages
Environments / Facies /
Lithologies
Ages

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FWS 04

L 9 Overview

FWS 04

Applying the Framework for

Prospecting
1.Data Analysis
Present-day conditions - How things are now
Basin reconstruction - How things evolved

2.Prospect Elements
Individual elements: Source, Migration,
Reservoir, Trap, Seal
Favorable juxtaposition of all elements

3.Prospect Assessment
Likely HC volumes in the success case
Risking - How likely is the success case?

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FWS 04

L 9 Overview

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
AND PETROLEUM SYSTEM
ANALYSIS

Structural
Identification
Stratigraphic
Identification
Facies
Interpretation

Geology
Model

Petroleum
System

Source Rock
Reservoir
Traps and Seals
Migration

Geological
Risk
Project
Economic

Prospects

SEISMIC INTERPRETATION
Structural and Stratigraphic Interpretations
Seismic Modeling

Seismic
Sections

Seismic section

Well log

Interpretation

Geology
Model

Geology Model

Structure & Facies map

Synthetic

Facies model

STRUCTURAL SEISMIC
INTERPRETATION WORK FLOW

Seismic section
Base map
Well Log
Velocity Data
Mistie Analysis

Data
Preparation

Interpretation
Well Seismic Tie
Horizon Picking
Horizon Tracing
Faults Identification and
reconstruction
Horizon reading and
posting
Contouring

Prospects
Area
Project
Economic

Report

DATA PREPARATION

Persiapan
Beberapa tahapan dalam interpretasi data seismic yang harus diikuti :
Peta Dasar dan Penampang seismik
Peta Dasar mencakup :
Posisi arah lintasan seismic dan perpotongan antar lintasan seismic.
Koordinat, sistim koordinat yg digunakan
Nama lintasan dan nomer shot point (titik tembak).
Skala peta (tegantung tujuan), arah utara/mata angin
Posisi sumur
Culture dan legend/ keterangan.
Penampang Seismik :
bentuk stack migrasi dan umumnya adalah PSTM .
Skala umumnya horisontal 1 : 20 000 dan vertikal 1 cm = 100 msec.
Pada penampang seismik juga memuat informasi tentang :
bagian atas : data kecepatan, nomer SP, Trace , posisi crossing line, topografi,
shot hole depth
bagian samping (kanan) : nama lintasan, nomer SP dan status processing,
informasi data acquisition, informasi processing dan sekuennya, peta indeks

Data Sumur
Final log, untuk mengetahui puncak formasi atau lapisan tertentu sebagai
marker atau zona-zona mengandung HK (DST, UKL).
Log sonic dan densitas, digunakan untuk membuat sintetik seismogram untuk
seismic well tie
WVS/VSP, untuk mengetahui kecepatan rata-rata tiap interval atau
menkonversi data kedalaman ke data waktu atau sebaliknya, dan sebagai
kalibrasi synthetic seismogram
Data geologi
Geologi permukaan, peta geologi untuk membantu menentukan batas litologi
dengan horizon tertentu, analisis stratigrafis, hubungan fasies (mengetahui
kondisi geologi regional daerah setempat ).
Citra satelit, berupa landsat, spot dsb, digunakan menentukan pola/ kelurusan
struktur permukaan dan penyebaran batuan (geologi regional).
Data seismic survey terdahulu (sebelumnya), akan membantu interpretasi
karena akan menambah data asal mempunyai kualitas yang memadai.

Verifikasi
data navigasi,

data sumur dan data lainnya yang terkait. (dapat

dikerjakan
pada saat loading data ke workstation)
kesesuaian penempatan lintasan-lintasan seismic ataupun
penempatan inline dan crossline dari suatu set data
seismic,
penomoran SP/CDP ataupun penomoran inline/crossline
arah-arah lintasan , dan apakah arah dari lintasanlintasan
tersebut sudah sesuai berdasarkan pengetahuan geologi
daerah
setempat
kesesuaian nama lintasan seimik baik antara header data,
data
seismik tersebut maupun dalam peta dasar.
pastikan sistim koordinat yang digunakan.

Lecture 7

Well-Seismic Ties

Depth

Time

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Time (ms)

Synthetic Trace

FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

17

Objectives of Well-Seismic Ties

Well-seismic ties allow well
data, measured in units of
depth, to be compared to
seismic data, measured in units
of time

Synthetic Trace

This allows us to relate horizon

tops identified in a well with
specific reflections on the
seismic section
We use sonic and density well
logs to generate a synthetic
seismic trace
The synthetic trace is
compared to the real seismic
data collected near the well
Courtesy
of ExxonMobil
location

FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

18

Measurements In Time and In Depth

Seismic - Time Units

SHOT

RECR

Kelly Bushing
Elevation

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Me
asu
red

Depth

Two-way time

Base of
Weathering

FWSchroed
er 06

Vertical depth

Surface
Elevation

Log - Depth Units

L 7 Well-Seismic

19

Comparison of Seismic and Well Data

Seismic Data

Well Data

Samples area and volume

Samples point along well bore

Low frequency 5 - 60 Hz

High frequency, 10,000 - 20,000

Hz

Vertical resolution 15 - 100 m

Horizontal resolution 150 1000 m
Measures seismic amplitude,
phase, continuity, horizontal &
vertical velocities
Time measurement

Vertical resolution 2 cm - 2 m
Horizontal resolution 0.5 cm - 6
m
Measures vertical velocity,
density, resistivity,
radioactivity, SP, rock and fluid
properties from cores

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100 m

100 m

Depth measurement

FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

20

Seismic-Well Tie Flow-Chart

Seismic
Data

Real Seismic

Data
Processing

Trace

Estimate
Pulse

External
Pulse
Well
Data

Well Well Seismic Tie

Seismic Tie

Data
Processing

Seismic
Modeling

Synthetic Seismic
Trace

Check Shots/
Time Depth
Information

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

21

Check Shot Data

Check shots measure the vertical
one-way time from surface to
various depths (geophone
positions) within the well

Used to determine start time of

top of well-log curves

Used to calibrate the

relationship between well
depths and times calculated
from a sonic log

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Depth

Seismic Shot

Borehole
Geophone

FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

22

The Modeling Process

Lithology

Velocity Density

Impedance

Reflection
Wavelet
Coefficients

Synthetic

Shale
Sand
Shale

Sand
Shale

We block the velocity (sonic) and density logs and compute an

impedance log
We calculate the reflection coefficients at the step-changes in
impedance
We convolve our pulse with the RC series to get individual wavelets
Each RC generates a wavelet whose amplitude is proportional to the
RC
We sum the individual wavelets to get the synthetic seismic trace

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

23

SYNTHETIC SEISMOGRAM

Our Example
Well A

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

25

Tying Synthetic to Seismic Data

Position synthetic trace on seismic line.
Project synthetic along structural or
stratigraphic strike if well is off line

Time (ms)

Reference datum of synthetic to seismic

data (usually ground level or seismic
datum)
Without check shots estimate start time
of first bed

Synthetic
Trace

Shift synthetic in time to get the best

character tie
Use stratigraphic info on detailed plot
to help
determine the best fit.

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

26

Assumptions for Synthetic Well Ties

Seismic Data

Synthetic Seismograms

No multiples

Blocked logs representative

of the earth sampled by the
seismic data

Relative amplitudes
are preserved

Normal incidence reflection

coefficients

Zero-offset section

Multiples ignored

Noise free

No transmission losses or
absorption
Isotropic medium (vertical
and horizontal velocities are
equal)

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

27

Common Pitfalls

Error in well or seismic line location

Log data quality

washout zones, drilling-fluid invasion effects

Seismic data quality

noise, multiples, amplitude gain, migration, etc

Incorrect pulse
Polarity, frequency, and phase
Try a different pulse; use extracted pulse

Incorrect 1-D model

Blocked logs, checkshots need further editing
Incorrect start time or improper datuming
Amplitude-Versus-Offset effects
Bed tuning

3-D effects not fully captured by seismic or well data

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FWSchroed
er 06

L 7 Well-Seismic

28

DATA INTERPRETATION

Tahap : Penarikan horizon /picking

Setelah selesai persiapan, berikutnya adalah

Memadukan data yang tersedia.

Membuat looping /composite line untuk memastikan kondisi data
tersebut dan memeriksa ada tidaknya mistie.
Pemilihan horizon :
didasarkan pada : kontinuitas refleksi, amplitude yang mudah dikenal,
sifat-sifat khusus yang mewakili atau horizon yang ekwivalen dengan
lapisan produktif.
Pengikatan data seismik dengan synthetic seismogram dari data sumur
yang dijadikan acuan. Data sonic/ densitas serta data VSP/Checkshoot
adalah dasar dalam pembuatan synthetic seismogram.
Penentuan top-top lapisan/reservoir, top-top formasi pada penampang
seismik berdasarkan data ikatan sumur acuan dan dilakukan penarikan
horison dari lapisan-lapisan yang akan diinterpretasikan mulai dari
lintasan yang diikatkan ke sumur acuan.

Pemetaan
Persiapan Pemetaan
Sebelum memetakan, cek ulang :
lintasan yang melewati sumur apakah korelasi seismic dan data sumur sesuai
(matching),
pastikan pada perpotongan antar lintasan, horizon ataupun sesarnya sudah tie.
Base map/peta dasar sudah dilengkapi lintasan dan nomer SPnya.
Kwalitas mapping tergantung pada ketelitian interpretasi
Pembacaan / Gridding
Pembacaan /gridding untuk mengetahui harga dan posisi horizon atau fault yang
akan dipetakan , dengan syarat seluruh data seismic sudah cocok (tie).
Hasil pembacaan kemudian di plot pada peta dasar . Dalam beberapa kasus
apabila lintasan seismic yang terdapat pada peta dasar masih jarang (jarak antar
lintasannya jauh) maka harga pada posisi antar lintasan akan diinterpolasi .

Mistie
Mistie adalah perbedaan waktu refleksi pada horizon dan posisi yang
sama antara dua penampang seismic yang berpotongan.
Mistie antara 1 - 10 msec, dapat diabaikan untuk kepentingan pemetaan
regional (kontur intervalnya 20 - 50 msec),
Untuk pemetaan detail dengan interval kontur 5 - 10 msec, mistie diatas
5 msec harus dikoreksi.
Mistie ini dapat terjadi akibat adanya:
Kesalahan dalam interpretasi
Kesalahan dalam prosesing (perbedaan kecepatan, koreksi statik,
filtering dll)
Migrasi akibat geometri dari dipping/kemiringan data, biasanya
terdapat pada ujung lintasan dan sering disebut dengan end of line
effect.
Kesalahan posisioning
Adanya perbedaan dalam parameter akusisi.
Pada
pemetaan
manual,
diakibatkan
kesalahan
dalam
pembacaan/gridding.

Contouring
Sebelum penggambaran garis kontur,
Plotting posisi sesar (fault), pola sesar dan
simbolnya harus dilakukan terlibih dulu.
Pemetaan ini adalah contouring yaitu titik titik
harga tersebut dapat dikontur dengan interval
atau jarak antar kontur yang disesuaikan
dengan skala peta (1/2000 x skala peta) atau
disesuaikan dengan kebutuhan

Lecture 10

Structural Analysis

Hor. 1
Hor. 2
Hor. 3

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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Structural Analysis - What is it?

The analysis of all of the significant processes
that formed a basin and deformed its
sedimentary fill from basin-scale processes
(e.g., plate tectonics)
to centimeter-scale processes (e.g., fracturing)
Some Major Elements:
Basin Formation
Fault Network Mapping
Stratigraphic Deformation
Present-Day Trap Definition
Timing of Trap Development

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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Role of Seismic Interpretation

Identify and map faults, folds, uplifts,
and other structural elements
Interpret structural settings and
structural styles
Insure 3D geometric consistency in an
interpretation - is it structurally
valid?
Determine timing relationships,
especially the timing of trap formation
Check if the interpretation is
admissibility
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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

The STRENGTHS of Seismic Data

Inherently 3-D (even if a 2-D grid)
Able to image trap-scale structures
Able to image stratigraphy, to identify
reservoir, seal, and for use as
structural markers, e. g. to constrain
fault offsets
Provides a 3-D context for
understanding other data
surface geology
well data
potential field data
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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

The WEAKNESSES of Seismic Data

Limited resolution: cant resolve small
features
Steep dips can be difficult to image
Acquisition can be difficult, e. g. in areas
of: variable topography, variable surface
geology, or hard water bottom
Vertical axis is typically (migrated) time,
not depth
Velocity variations distort geometries

Display scales are commonly not

V:H=1:1, which results in distortions of
geometries
Typically we cant see hydrocarbons
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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Basic Observations: Profile View

We can recognize moderate- to large-scale
faults on seismic profiles by:
Termination of reflections
Offset in stratigraphic markers
Abrupt changes in dip
Abrupt changes in seismic patterns
Fault plane reflections
Associated folding or sag
Discontinuities

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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Fault Identification: Profile Views

A

Faults must tie on

lines that intersect
or the interpretation
is not internally
consistent
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S W

tie

FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Interpreting Faults

Structural
Observations

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Structural
Concepts

FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Interpreting Faults

Structural
Observations

Tectonic Setting
Divergent zones
Convergent zones
Strike-slip zones
Mobile substrate
How Structures Evolve
Fault-bend folds
Fault-propagation folds
Salt movement
etc.

Fault segments on seismic lines

Fault plane orientation
Sense of motion
Magnitude of offset
Range of depths
Relative timing
when faults moved
when structures grew

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Structural
Concepts

FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Structural Styles Matrix

EXTENSION

CONTRACTION

LATERAL

UPLIFT,
SUBSIDENCE

BASEMENT
INVOLVED

extensional
fault
blocks

contractional
fault
blocks

strike-slip
or wrench
faulting

basement
warps

BASEMENT
DETACHED

detached
normal
faulting

fold-andthrust belts

tear faults
(detached)

salt, shale
diapirism

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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Extensional Faults
basement involved

basement detached

1 mile

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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

Diapirs Can Provide Good Traps

Salt and shale layers
can become mobile
when subjected to
differential loading
Imaging beneath salt
is very difficult, but
the rewards can be
great!
Many oil and gas
fields have been
found associated
with salt & shale
diapirs
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FWS 04

L 10 Structural

REPORTING

Cakupan pembahasan struktur

Pembahasan struktur geologi pada eksplorasi hidrokarbon

mengharuskan kita untuk menganalisa hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan:
- Geometry : menyangkut bentuk, ukuran, arah, pola suatu
struktur
- Genesa : meliputi interpretasi mekanisme pembentukan, arah
gaya pembentukanya, urutannya
- Potensi menjadi perangkap hidrokarbon.

Hasilnya berupa peta: harus jelas menginformasikan seperti nilai

kontur, interval kontur, arah bidang sesar, arah pergerakan
sesar, sifat sesar dll.

Pembentukan graben
Graben menjadi unsur yang sangat penting dalam
pembentukan daerah dapur hidrokarbon. Isolated sediment
biasanya sangat bagus sebagai dapur hidrokarbon sebagai
produk endapan lacustrine.
Dalam model yang dibuat dari material lumpur yang
dilengkungkan seperti busur menunjukkan deformasi dengan
membentuk graben.
Model lain menunjukkan bahwa graben dapat terbentuk akibat
gaya tensional atau terjadinya rifting.
Syntesa lainnya adalah adanya akibat arus konveksi dari
dalam bumi yang menyebabkan terjadinya seri sesar listrik
membentuk graben.

Karakter regime tensional

Sesar normal dengan sudut
kemiringan besar ( + 600 )
Domino style
Listric normal faulting
Sesar utama biasanya diikuti sesar
antitetik

Karakter regime kompresi

Thrust fault dengan Basement involve
Thin skin deformation
Inconsistency deformation, perbedaan
pertumbuhan pensesaran.
Bentuk thrust di pengaruhi oleh kemiringan
bidang pergeseran, kedalaman sesar, stratigrafi

Karakter strike-slip fault

Kondisinya cenderung komplek
Perubahan orientasi komponen struktur
sangat menonjol
Pola en-echelon fold, en-echelon tension
fracture sering dijumpai
Kemenerusan/releasing bend
Pembentukan pull-apart

10330

10315

10300

GERAGAI
DEEP

TUNGKAL
DEEP

LEGEND:

TIGA PULUH
HIGH

TAF >300m
A.MENDAHARA-1

TIUNG-1

GERAGAI-1

TAF 100-300m
TIUNG-2

SOGO-1

SPT-B
SPT-B

TAF <100m

MANIS
MATA-1
MRT-A

MRT-B

TAF absent
BETUNG-1

AAB-1

Igneous rock

BKP-A
BKP-B

HARI-1

RCD-A
RCD-B
GEGER
KALONG-1

M-1

SG-5
P-2
P-1

MERSAM-1

KT-3

MUARA
SABAK-1
P-1A

N-1
S.MEDAK-1
MERANG-1
JANGGA-1

BL-2
G-1

SIAPO -1
NIKAM -1

KALIBERAU-5
KUKU
LAMBAR-1

AWS
0

15 km
10445

10430

TUNGKAL-1

10415

10400

10345

10330

10315

BAKUNG-1

Model Penampang seismik pada sesar naik

PITFALLS

IN
SEISMIC INTERPRETATION

Pitfalls in Seismic Interpretation

In doing seismic interpretation, it must be remembered, it still contains noises
which is any reflection unrelated to geology objects.
Common noises which are multiples, diffraction and velocity anomaly. This
noises can act as pitfalls for interpreter, and thus need to be recognized.

1.Multiple
Multiple occurs when the wavefront is reflected more than one time.
Data acquisition parameters can be designed to minimize multiple, mainly by
using stacking and deconvolution technique
However, multiple still often appear in the record even though the data have
been intensively processed

source

geophone

surface

t
Seismic reflector

2t

1st multiple
t = two way time

LONG PATH
MULTIPLE

LONG PATH
MULTIPLE

PEG LEG

GHOST

SURFACE
GHOST
Seismic
reflector

PRIMARY
REFLECTION

Figure 1. Illustration of simple multiple

Figure 2. General type of multiple

WBM

sideswipe

WBM

Figure 5. Examples of multiple : WB water bottom multiple, IBM-interbed multiple and sideswide

2.Diffraction
Diffraction occurs due to the sharp change of reflector plane geometry, for
examples due to the faults, instrusion, karst, etc (Figure 9). The sharp plane
refract energy to all direction and recorded as hyperbolic trace with diffraction
source as its apex. The position of fault plane can be estimated by joining the
apexes (Figure 10).
Even though diffraction can be minimized using migration technique, they
still appear in seismic records and interfere interpretation.

Geophone

Source

Diffraction from fault

Assumed mid-point locationst

Sketch showing a diffraction from a fault.

The hyperbolic form of diffractions arises
from the assumption made by the CMP
method that reflections arise from midpoint locations between the source and
geophone

Figure 9 . Illustration of diffraction effect due to fault plane (Badley, 1985)

(a)

(b)
Figure 10d. Seismic examples of a burried focus. (a) Stacked section showing the bow-tie effect.
(b) Migrated section, revealing the true synclinal shape of the reflector (courtesy Norsk Hydro)

3.Velocity Efect
Changes of rock properties, for instances due to formation thickness and facies
can create velocity change. The change can give distortion between the stacked
time section and the real thickness and depth.
Down-dip apparent thinning occurs due to the increasing interval velocity with
depth for a constant thickness bed. This makes the bed become thinner to the
depth in time section (Figure 11). Apparent thinning can also accur along fault
plane due to the change of rock velocity across the fault plane (Figure 12).
Velocity anomaly also often occurs beneath low-angle dip fault plane like in the
case of thrust and lystric normal fault because of the lateral velocity change due
to the faulting (Figure 13-14)
Pull-up velocity anomaly will also develop under salt structure, and highvelocity carbonate or channel (Fig.15-17). On the contrary, push down velocity
anomaly can occur beneath shale diapir or carbonates with lower velocity than
the surroundings (Figure 18). Extreme change of water depth can also cause
severe velocity anomaly (Figure 19).

SEISMIC SECTION

SEISMIC SECTION

SEISMIC SECTION

SEISMIC SECTION

Figure 18. Velocity anomaly beneath carbonate reef. (a) and (b) Pull-up.
(c) and (d) pull-down (Badley, 1985)

surface

Inter
val v
elo

city i
n

crea
ses

Depth
(a)

Time
(b)

Interval thins in time

The effect of increasing velocifty with

depth on the seismic expression of a
dipping unit.
(a) Geological model of a thick dipping
sandstone unit. The sandstones
interval velocity increases with depth
due to diagenesis, but its thickness
remains constant.
(b) Seismic expression : The sandstone
unit appears to thin. It takes less
time for the seismic signal to travel
through the sandstone as its interval
velocity increase.

Figure 11. Apparent bed thinning due to velocity effect (Badley, 1985)

V1

V1

V2
V2
V3

Downbending of reflections into a

fault. This can occur when lowvelocity material is faulted by a
dipping fault. In the zone beneath the
fault plane, downbending of reflections
can occur due to the lower velocities
(and, there-for, longer traveltimes) in
lower-velocity downthrown rocks.

V3
V = Velocity
V3>V2>V1
Downbending
of reflection

Figure 12. Apparent downbending effect due to the velocity effect (Badley, 1985)

Direct Hydrocarbon Indicator

(DHI)

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