Cdma WLL Principle Issue4.1

ORA000003 CDMA WLL Principle
ISSUE4.0
Objectives
After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

the development of mobile communication system
the structure of CDMA2000 network
the number planning in CDMA2000 network
the techniques used by CDMA system including:
source coding, channel coding, interleaving, scrambling,
spreading and modulation etc.
power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
F-PCH,F-PICH,F-SYNCH,F-FCH,F-SCH,R-ACH,R-PICH
Long code, short code and walsh code
Course Organization
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Basic knowledge of CDMA
Chapter 3: CDMA Core Technologies
Chapter 4: CDMA Air Interface
Chapter 5: CDMA Number Planning
Development of Mobile Communications

Introduction
1st Generation
1980s (analog)
GSM
AMPS
TACS
NMT
OTHERS
2nd Generation
1990s (digital)
Analog to Digital
CDMA
IS95
TDMA
IS-136
PDC
3G provides:
Complete integrated service
solutions
High bandwidth
Unified air interface
Best spectral efficiency and
a step towards PCS
3rd Generation
current (digital)
UMTS
WCDMA
Voice to Broadband
CDMA
2000
TDSCDMA
3G Objectives
3G is developed to achieve:
Universal
frequency band for standard and seamless
global coverage
High spectral efficiency

High quality of service with complete security and
reliability
Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible

with 2G
Provide multimedia services, with the rates:
Vehicle environment: 144kbps
Walking environment: 384kbps
Indoor environment: 2Mbps

5
Transmission Techniques
Introduction
CDMA
Power
Tim
e
cy
en
u
eq
Fr
Traffic channels: different

users are assigned unique
code and transmitted over
the same frequency band,
for example, WCDMA and
CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Tim
e
FDMA
Power
Us
e
U
Us ser r
Us e r
Us e r
er
Us
er
Tim
eq
Fr
y
nc
e
u
e
qu
e
r
F
y
nc
Traffic channels: different time slots

are allocated to different users, for
example, DAMPS and GSM
Traffic channels: different frequency bands

are allocated to different users,for example,
AMPS and TACS
6
Introduction
user
user
user
Power
user
user
TDMA
Tim
e
Fre
y
nc
e
qu
Standards for 3G
Introduction
CDMA2000
3GPP2
FDD mode
WCDMA
3GPP
FDD mode
TD-SCDMA
3G system
CWTS
TDD mode
Development of CDMA
Introduction
CDMA2000
3X
CDMA2000 307.2kbps
IS95B
115.2kbps
IS95A
9.6kbps
Heavier voice
service capacity ;
1995
1998
Longer period of
standby time
CDMA2000
1X EV
1X EV-DO
1X EV-DV
2000
2003
Higher
spectrum efficiency and network capacity
Higher
packet data rate and more diversified services
Smooth
transit to 3G
9
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Introduction
Band
Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

Transmit Frequency Band (MHz)
Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
A(10MHz)
Valid
1-311
825.030-834.330
870.030-879.330
B(10MHz)
Valid
356-644
835.680-844.320
880.680-889.320
A(1.5MHz)
Valid
689-694
845.670-845.820
890.670-890.820
B(2.5MHz)
Valid
739-777
847.170-848.310
892.170-893.310
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

F=870+N*0.03
N: CDMA Channel Number
10
Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Introduction
Band
Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
A(15MHz)
Valid
25-275
1851.250-1863.750
1931.250-1943.750
D(5MHz)
Valid
325-375
1866.250-1868.750
1946.250-1948.750
B(15MHz)
Valid
425-675
1871.250-1883.750
1951.250-1963.750
E(5MHz)
Valid
725-775
1886.250-1888.750
1966.250-1968.750
F(5MHz)
Valid
825-875
1891.250-1893.750
1971.250-1973.750
C(15MHz)
Valid
925-1175
1896.250-1908.750
1976.250-1988.750
The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

F=1930+N*0.05
N: CDMA Channel Number
11
Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000

Introduction
Band
Class 5 System Frequency

Block
CDMA
CDMA
Mobile Station
Base Station
Designator
Channel
Channel
Validity
Number
Valid
146-275
453.625456.850
463.625-466.850
Valid
106-235
452.625-455.850
462.625-465.850
Valid
26-168
450.625-454.175
460.625-464.175
Valid
564-681
412.300-415.225
422.300-425.225
Valid
717-846
416.125-419.350
426.125-429.350
Valid
1070-1229
451.930-455.110
461.930-465.110
The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

F=460+(N-1)*0.025 where N: CDMA Channel Number
12
CDMA WLL Network Structure
Introduction
SMC
MIP HA
PDSN/FA
Um
INTERNET
FWT
A10/A11
Abis
BTS
Abis
Softsite
Optical
Fiber BTS
AAA
V5
RAC6610
LE
V5
Um
E1/STM-1
Abis
LE
BTS
Remote Module
Model
13
Course Organization
14
Correlation
Basic knowledge of CDMA
+1
-1
+1
Correlation 100% so the

functions are parallel
(a)
-1
+1
-1
+1
Correlation 0% so the
functions are orthogonal
(b)
15
Orthogonal Function
Orthogonal
functions have zero correlation. Two binary
sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal

number of 1s and 0s
EXAMPLE:
arbitrary
Orthogonal
0000
1010
0101
0101
0101
1111
16
Information spreading over orthogonal codes

+1
-1
User Input
Orthogonal
Sequence
Tx Data
0110
0110
0110
0110
0110
1001
0110
0110
1001
1001
+1
-1
17
Information recovery
Rx Data
1001
Correct Function 0110
1111
+1
0110
0110
0000
0110
0110
0000
1001
0110
1111
1
1001
0110
1111
1
-1
Rx Data
Incorrect Function
1001
0101
1100
0110
0101
0011
0110
0101
0011
1001
0101
1100
?
1001
0101
1100
?
18
Spreading and De-spreading

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain
information is spread.
Sf
Sf
information
information
f0
f
The spectrum before spreading
f0
f
The spectrum after spreading
Sf
Sf
information
Interference/noise
Interference/noise
information
f0
f
The spectrum before despreading
information
f0
The spectrum after despreading
pulse interference
S(f) is the energy density.
White noise
19
Signal flow
Source
coding
Source
decoding
Convolution
Interleaving
&
Interleaving
Scrambling
Spreading
Decovolution
deinterleaving
&
Unscrambling De-spreading
Deinterleaving
Modulation
RF
transmission
Demodulation
RF receiving
20
Common Technical Terms

Bit,
Symbol, Chip:
A bit is the input data which contains information
A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block

interleaving
A chip is the output of spreading
Processing
Gain:
Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.
The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.
Forward
direction:
Information path from base station to
mobile station
Reverse
direction: Information path from mobile station to
base station
21
Source Coding
Vocoder:
8K QCELP
13K QCELP
EVRC
Characteristics
Support voice activity

In a typical duplex call, the duty ratio is less than 35%. To achieve
better capacity and low power consumption, base station reduces
its transmission power.
22
Channel Coding
Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Constraint length=shift register number+1.
Encoding efficiency= (total input bits / total output symbols)
Input
(bits)
Output (symbols)
convolution encoder
23
Turbo Code
Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

Characteristics
of the Turbo code:
The input information is encoded twice and the two output codes can
exchange information with each other during decoding.
The symbol is protected not only by the neighborhood check bits, but
also by the separate Check Bits.
The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

code.
24
Interleaving
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
interleaving
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
51 52 53 54 5 56 57 58
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
The direction of the data stream

25
Scrambling (M) sequence

0
1
0
1
1
0
Out
Two
points are important here:
Maximum number of shift register (N)
Mask
The
period of output sequence is 2N-1 bits
Only
PN
sequence offset is change when the mask is changed
stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence
26
Long Code
The
long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips
The
functions of a long code:
Scramble the forward CDMA channel
Control the insertion of power control bit
Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the

mobile stations
27
Short Code
Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips
Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish

different sectors
PNc
PNb
PNa
Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN
offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

28
Walsh Code
Walsh Code is one kind of orthogonal code.
Walsh code W2n=
Wn Wn
Wn Wn
W1=0
W2=
0
0
W4 =
0
0
0
1
0
1
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and

each Walsh code is orthogonal to other.
A Walsh can be presented by Wim where ith (row) is the
position and m is the order. For example, W 24 means 0101
code in W4 matrix
29
Walsh Code
In
forward direction, each symbol is spreaded with Walsh code
Walsh
code is used to distinguish the user in forward link
For
IS95A/B, in the reverse, every 6 symbols correspond to one

Walsh code. For example, if the symbol input is 110011,the
output after spreading is W5164 (110011=51).
For
CDMA2000, in the reverse, Walsh function is used to define

the type of channel (RC 3-9)
30
Variable Walsh codes

The different Walsh codes

corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000
W04 =0000
64
W48 =00001111
W02 =00
W28 =00110011
W24 =0011
W01 =0
32
W68 =00111100
W18 =01010101
W14 =0101
W58 =01011010
16
W38 =01100110
8
4
2
9600 19200 38400
76800 153600 307200 614400
Data rate -bps-
W12 =01
W34 =0110
W78 =01101001
( W016 ,W816)
( W416 ,W1216 )
( W216 ,W1416 )
( W616 ,W1416 )
( W116,W916 )
( W516 ,W1316 )
( W316 ,W1116 )
( W716,W1516 )
31
Modulation-QPSK
I channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
I
Cos(2pfct)
I(t)
Baseband filter
s(t)
A
Q
Baseband filter
Sin(2pfct)
Q(t)
Q channel PN sequence
1.2288Mcps
.
1.2288Mcps: the PN chip rate of the system

After being spreaded, all the forward channels in the same carrier
are modulated by means of QPSK(OQPSK in the reverse),
converted into simulation signals and transmitted after clustering.
32
Course Organization
33
CDMA Core Technologies
Power Control
Handoff
Diversity and RAKE
34
Near/Far Problem
Power
received
from A.
Power
received
from B.
P()
Total receive
De-spread
P()
P()
Output power
of A
P()
A recover
successful
Output power
of B
P()
B recover
failed
35
After Power Control
A
P()
P()
A decreases
its power
Output power
of A
A recover
successful
B
P()
Output power
of B
P()
P()
De-spread
B recover
36
successful
Interference limit
1 2 3 4 5
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
P()
P()
3
P()
P()
P()
P()
4
P()
P()
5
37
After Power Control
1 2 3 4 5
P()
De-spread
Total receive
P()
P()
P()
P()
P()
38
Result
There
are two fatal problems in CDMA system.
Near Far Problemuser close the BTS will block user far
from the BTS.
Interference Limitationcapacity of system related to

total noise of system.
Power
control has adopted to solve the problems
in CDMA system.
Rules
of power control
Ensure that the signal can meet the requirements of

demodulation threshold when reaching the receiver of
other side after signal transmitting in the air.
The transmit power of MS closer to BTS is less than that

of the MS farther to BTS or the MS in fading area.
39
Classification of power control

Reverse
power control
Open loop power control
Closed loop power control

Inner loop power control: 800 Hz
Outer loop power control
Forward
power control
Message transmission mode:

threshold transmission
periodic transmission
Closed loop power control
40
Reverse Open Loop Power Control

The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by
the following factors:
Distance from the base station
Load of the cell

Circumstance of the code channels
The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received

power.
BTS
Reverse Open Loop

Power Control
Mobile
BTS
BTS
Transmitting
Power
41
Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

Power Control Bit
FER Value
Eb/Nt Value
BSC
BTS
Change in Eb/Nt Value
Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control
42
Forward Power Control

Message Transmission Mode
MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station

about the result whether it is in the threshold or periodical
mode. Base station determines whether to change the forward
transmitting power or not.
In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in

CDMA2000 system it is fast.
43
Forward Closed Loop Power Control

Compared
with IS-95 system, in CDMA2000 the forward
power control is fast of 800Hz, and similar to the

reverse closed loop power control.
Power Control Bit
Eb/Nt Value
BTS
44
Handoff
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before
breaking the link with the serving sector.
Softer handoff
Similar to the soft handoff, but the softer handoff is occurred
among multi-sectors in the same base station.
Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not
synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in
voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does
not effect the user communication.
45
Pilot Set
CDMA Techniques & Technologies
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset
Active
Set
The pilot set, corresponding to the base

station being connected
Candidate
Set
The pilot set, not in the active set but

potential to be demodulated
Neighbor
Set
The pilot set, not included in the active set or

the candidate set but being possible to be
added in the candidate set
Remaining
Set
Other pilot sets
46
T_ADD,T_DROP,T_TDROP
Sector
A
Sector
B
Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP)
Add Threshold
(T_ADD)
DropThreshold
(T_DROP)
Soft Handoff Region

Time
T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff.
T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot.
T_DROP is a timer.
47
Comparison Threshold
Pilot strength
Pilot P0
Pilot P2
T_COMP0.5dB
Pilot P1
T_ADD
t0
t1
t2
P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set.

P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set.
t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD
t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB
t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB
48
Transition Between Pilot Sets

Pilot
strength
Pilot 2
Pilot 1
T_TDROP
T_ADD
T_DROP
1
Neighbor
Set
2
Candidate
Set
3
Active
Set
TIME
4 5 6
Neighbor
Set
Remaining
Set
49
Soft/Softer Handoff
Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff
Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoff
Power received from

a single sector
Combine all the

power from each
sector
50
Multi-path in radio link CDMA Core Technologies
Total signal
90
90
Vector combined
51
The Principle of RAKE Receiver
Correlator 1
Correlator 2
Combiner
Receive set
The combined
signal
Correlator 3
Calculate the
time delay and
signal strength
Searcher correlator
s(t)
s(t)
RAKE antennas help to overcome the multi-path fading and enhance the
receive performance of the system
52
Course Organization
53
Definition of IS95A/Bs Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Definition of IS95As Channel:

FORWARD CHANNELS
1
Pilot
Sync
1 to 7
1
PAGING
First one is the fundamental

Paging channel.
F-TCH
REVERSE CHANNELS
R-ACH
R-TCH
Definition of IS95Bs Channel:

FORWARD CHANNELS
1
Pilot
Sync
1 to 7
1
1 to 7
REVERSE CHANNELS
PAGING
R-ACH
F-FCH
R-FCH
F-SCCH
R-SCCH
1 to 7
54
Physical Channel in IS-95A
CDMA Air Interface
Forward channel
Forward Pilot Channel
Forward Sync Channel
Forward Paging Channel
Forward Traffic Channel (including power control subchannel)
Reverse channel
Access Channel
Reverse Traffic Channel
55
Physical Channel in IS-95B
CDMA Air Interface
Forward channel
Forward Pilot Channel
Forward Sync Channel
Forward Paging Channel
Forward Fundamental Channel (including power control

sub-channel)
Forward Supplemental Code Channel
Reverse channel
Access Channel
Reverse Fundamental Channel
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel

56
Pilot Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot channel:
Assist
mobile station to be connected with CDMA network
Handle
The
multi-path searching
mobile station measures and compares the pilot channel
power from the different base stations during the handoff.
W064
is used to spread pilot Channel.
57
Sync Channel
The
CDMA Air Interface
sync channel is used by the mobile station to
synchronize with the network. W is used to spread

64
32
sync Channel.
The
MS can get the parameter from sync Channel:
Pilot PN sequence offset
System time
Long code state
Paging channel rate
The
sync channel rate is 1200bps.
58
Paging Channel
The
paging channel transmits:
System parameters
Access parameters
Parameters of neighbor cells or sectors
Parameters of CDMA channels
The
paging channel accomplishes:
Paging to MS
Send information to MS in access process
The
64
W1
64
W2
CDMA Air Interface
frame length of a paging channel is 20ms.
is used to spread fundamental Paging Channel.

~ W are used to spread expanded Paging Channels.
64
7
59
Reverse Access Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Use
the reverse access channel,MS can:
initiate
call
respond
send
to paging
message to system
60
Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Both
forward and reverse traffic channels are
private channel, they are assigned in access

process and released after the end of the call.
Traffic
channel functions
Transmit
service data
Transmit
signaling message in conversation
In
IS95B traffic channel is defined two types:
Fundamental
Channel
Supplemental
Code Channel(F-SCCH,R-SCCH)
61
F-SCCH,R-SCCH
Only
CDMA Air Interface
used in IS95B system.
Functions and Characteristics

Support
Allow
medium rate data.
up to eight code channel to be bundled
together.
62
Initialization of the MS
Synchronous
CDMA Air Interface
Channel message contains the LC_STATE,
SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.
nel
n
a
h
sc
s
e
nel
n
a
Acc
t ch
o
l
i
P
nel
n
a
h
sc
u
o
n
hro
c
nel
n
n
y
a
S
h
gc
n
i
Pag
BTS
63
CDMA2000 Forward Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Forward CDMA2000 channel
F-CACH
F-CPCCH
F-PICH
F-PICH
F-TDPICH
F-CCCH F-SYNCH
F-APICH
F-TCH
F-BCH
F-PCH
F-QPCH
F-ATDPICH
F-DCCH
F-FCH
F-PC
F-SCCH
subchannel (RC1~2)
F-SCH
(RC3~9)
Note: Only the channels with black color are being implemented in
Huawei equipment. The function of F-PICH, F-SYNCH, F-FCH, F-PCH, FSCCH are the same as those of IS95. We will only discuss F-SCH, FQPCH and F-DCCH in the following slides.
64
Forward channel
CDMA Air Interface
CDMA physical channels are classified in common channels and dedicated channels:
Common physical channels:
Forward Pilot Channel(F-PICH)

Forward Synchronous Channel(F-SYNC)
These channels are compatible
Forward Paging Channel(F-PCH)
with IS-95 system
Forward Broadcast Control Channel(F-BCCH)
Forward Quick Paging Channel(F-QPCH)
Forward Common Power Control Channel(F-CPCCH)
These channels are newly
defined in CDMA2000 system.
Forward Common Assignment Channel(F-CACH)
Forward Common Control Channel(F-CCCH)
Dedicated physical channel:

Forward Dedicated Control Channel(F-DCCH)
Forward Fundamental Channel(F-FCH)
Forward Supplemental Channel(F-SCH)
These channels are used to establish the connection between a base station and a
specific mobile station.
The CDMA2000 system adopts multiple data rates and the different combinations of
channels can achieve a performance superior to that in IS-95 system.
65
F-QPCH
CDMA Air Interface
It
transmits OOK-modulated signal which can be demodulated by MS

simply and rapidly.
The
channel adopts 80ms as a QPCH timeslot. Each timeslot is divided

into paging indicators, configuration change indicators and broadcast
indicators, all of which are utilized to inform the MS whether to receive
paging message, broadcast message or system parameters in the next
F-PCH.
Rapid
and simple demodulation. MS no need to monitor F-PCH for long

time, so the standby time is prolonged.
66
F-SCH
CDMA Air Interface
F-SCH is typically used for high speed data application,

while F-FCH is used for common voice and low speed
data application.
When a data call is established, firstly, F-FCH will be

allocated to the user. If the speed of data for user
exceeds 9.6kbps, F-SCH will be allocated.
67
F-DCCH
CDMA Air Interface
It
is used for the transmission of specific user signaling

information during a call.
Each
forward traffic channel may contain one F-DCCH.
Support
5ms frame.
Support
discontinuous transmission.
68
Forward Radio Configuration (RC)

CDMA Air Interface
Radio
Spreading Max Data Rate*
Configuration
Rate
(kbps)
1**
2**
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
9.6
14.4
153.6
307.2
230.4
307.2
614.4
460.8
1036.8
Effective FEC
OTD
FEC Encoding Modulation
Code Rate
Allowed
1/2
3/4
1/4
1/2
3/8
1/6
1/3
1/4 or 1/3
1/2or 1/3
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Conv.
Conv
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
Conv and Turbo
BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
Radio Configuration(RC):
A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission
formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates,
modulation characteristics, and spreading rate.
Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.
** Same as IS95
69
Reverse Channel
CDMA Air Interface
Reverse CDMA2000 channel
R-ACH
R-TCH
operation
(RC1~2)
R-EACH
operation
R-CCCH
operation
R-TCH
operation
(RC3~6)
R-FCH
R-PICH
R-PICH
R-PICH
0~7
R-SCCH
R-EACH
R-CCCH
0~1
R-DCCH
0~1
R-FCH
Only the channels in dark color are used in Huawei

equipment. The function of R-ACH,R-FCH,R-SCCH
are the same as those in IS95. We will only discuss
R-PICH,R-SCH in the following slides.
0~2
R-SCH
R-PC
subchannel
70
Types of Reverse Channel

CDMA Air Interface
Reverse
channel includes reverse common channel
and reverse dedicated channel.

Reverse
common channel:
Reverse Access Channel(R-ACH)
Reverse Enhanced Access Channel(R-EACH)
Reverse Common Control Channel(R-CCCH)
Reverse
Dedicated Channel
Reverse Pilot Channel(R-PICH)
Reverse Dedicated Control Channel(R-DCCH)
Reverse Fundamental Channel(R-FCH)
Reverse Supplemental Channel(R-SCH)
Reverse Supplemental Code Channel (R-SCCH)

71
R-PICH
CDMA Air Interface
Pilot( all '0's)
Reverse Pilot Channel
Power Control Bit
The
MUX
Function of Reverse Pilot Channel
Initialization
Tracing
Reverse Coherent Demodulation
Power Control Measurement
Base
station enhances the received performance and increases
the capacity by means of coherent demodulation of the Reverse

Pilot Channel.
72
Reverse Channels
CDMA Air Interface
Fundamental
Fundamental Channel is used for the transmission of user

information to the base station during a call, and can be used to
transmit defaulted voice services as an independent Traffic
Channel.
Dedicated
Channel:
Control Channel
The Dedicated Control Channel is used for the transmission of

user and signaling information to a base station during a call.
Supplemental
Channel/Supplemental Code Channel
These channels are used for the transmission of user information,

mainly data services, to the MS. The Reverse Traffic Channel
contains up to two supplemental channels and up to seven
supplemental code channels.
73
Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)

CDMA Air Interface
RC:
** Same as IS95
Radio Configuration
RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B
RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X
RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x
74
RC Combination Regulation
CDMA Air Interface
RC1
and
RC2
corresponds
respectively to rate set 1 and rate set
2 in IS- 95A/B system.
CDMA2000
Forward RC: RC1~RC5

Reverse RC: RC1~RC4
Rules:
Forward RC1, Reverse RC1
Forward RC3 or RC4,Reverse RC3
F-FCH RCs
R-FCH RCs
RC 1
RC 1
RC 2
RC 2
RC 3
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 4
F-DCCH/SCHRCs
R-DCCH/SCHRCs
RC 3
RC 3
RC 4
RC 5
RC 4
75
Course Organization
76
Definition of Coverage Areas

CDMA Number Planning
Service area
LAC area
Cell
area
Sector
area
77
Parameters Involved
In a CDMA system, the following parameters are

defined to identify a user and his location:
MIN/IMSI
Subscriber Number Definition
ESN
SID/NID
LAI
GCI
78
MIN/IMSI
Not more than 15 digits

3 digits
2 digits
MCC
MNC
MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
Mobile subscriber identity/international mobile subscriber identity

For example: 460030755xxxxxx
79
Subscriber Number Definition

Number the caller needs dial for this

subscriber.
Need to define the same number series in

BSC, which is already defined in the LE.
The call is set up by the L3 (V5) address

messages.
80
ESN
A unique Electronic Serial Number (ESN) is used to identify single

MS.
An ESN includes 32 bits and has the following structure:

31......24
23......18
17......0
bit
The ESN is allocated by manufacturer.
81
SID/NID
System Identity (SID) comprises of 15
bits. Each
network has unique system ID.
Network Identity (NID) comprises of 16 bits. 0 and

65535 are reserved.
82
Location Area Identity (LAI)

PAGING
message is broadcast within a local area, the size of which

depends on traffic, paging bearer capability, signaling flow , etc.
Format:
MCC+MNC+LAC
MCC: Mobile Country Code, 3 digits. For example, China is 460.
MNC: Mobile Network Code, 2 digits. For example, the MNC of

Unicom is 03.
LAC: Location Area Code, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code.

0000 cannot be used with FFFE.
For
example, 460030100
83
Global Cell Identity (GCI)

The
unique ID of a cell in PLMN
Format:
LAI+CI
CI:
Cell Identity, a 2-byte-long hexadecimal BCD code,

pre defined by the engineering department. The first 3
digits and the last digit represent the base station
number and the sector number respectively. For an omnidirectional site, the last digit of CI is 0.
For
example, 4600301001230 shows base station number

123 contains an omni-directional site
84
Review
CDMA Technology
Chips
rate: 1.2288Mcps
IS-95A/B is a subset, RC1/RC2
Apply
the coherent demodulation to the reverse pilot
channel
Forward transmit diversity: OTD and STS
Forward
quick power control at 800HZ rate
Improve
the standby time by introducing the quick paging
channel.
Variable
frames: 5ms, 20ms, 40ms and 80ms
Introduce TURBO code into channel encoding
The maximum rate of a physical layer is up to 307.2K
85
Why CDMA2000?
Increase
the system capacity
Forward quick power control
Coherent modulation applied on the pilot channel.(about

3dB improvement)
The introduction to Turbo code
The strong ability to resist interference
The
improved
error-correcting
encoding
(applying Turbo code in medium/high rate

data transmission)
86
Why CDMA2000?
Support
high rate SCH, with the maximum rate
of a single channel being up to 307.2kbps.
Improve the standby time
Use the quick paging channel
Forward
compatibility
Radio-frequency part
Baseband part, such as RC
87
Summary
Brief
Development
Communication
History
Analog--digital--code division
Objectives of 3G and comparison of 3 systems
Technical
of
Mobile
features of CDMA
Key technologies: power control, soft handoff, RAKE receiver
Other technologies: source coding, channel coding,

interleaving, scrambling, spreading and
modulation
Channel structure: pilot, synchronization, paging, access and

service
Technical
features of CDMA2000 1X
Walsh and Turbo codes
88
Questions
What
power control modes are there in CDMA2000
system and how are they implemented?

Describe
the implementation process of service
channels (forward and reverse)?

Describe
Describe
the technical features of CDMA2000?

the initialization process of a mobile
phone?
What
are the functions of a long code, short code
and Walsh code in CDMA system?
89
90

Cdma WLL Principle Issue4.1

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ORA000003 CDMA WLL Principle

After this presentation, you will be familiar with:

Development of Mobile Communications

frequency band for standard and seamless

High spectral efficiency

Easy and smoothly transition from 2G to 3G, compatible

Provide multimedia services, with the rates:

Vehicle environment: 144kbps

Walking environment: 384kbps

Indoor environment: 2Mbps

Traffic channels: different

Traffic channels: different time slots

Traffic channels: different frequency bands

spectrum efficiency and network capacity

packet data rate and more diversified services

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Class 0 and Spreading Rate 1

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

Frequency Allocation In CDMA2000

Class 1 and Spreading Rate 1

The transmit frequence point for Base Station is computed by:

Frequency Allocation in CDMA2000

Class 5 System Frequency

The transmit frequency point for Base Station is computed by:

CDMA WLL Network Structure

Correlation 100% so the

functions have zero correlation. Two binary

sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal

Information spreading over orthogonal codes

Spreading and De-spreading

The spectrum after despreading

S(f) is the energy density.

Common Technical Terms

A bit is the input data which contains information

A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block

A chip is the output of spreading

Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate.

The processing gain in IS-95 system is 128, about 21dB.

Information path from base station to

direction: Information path from mobile station to

Support voice activity

Convolution code or TURBO code is used in channel encoding

Turbo code is used during the transmission of large data packet.

of the Turbo code:

The performance of a Turbo code is superior to that of a convolution

The direction of the data stream

Scrambling (M) sequence

points are important here:

Maximum number of shift register (N)

period of output sequence is 2N-1 bits

sequence offset is change when the mask is changed

stands for Pseudorandom Noise sequence

long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips

functions of a long code:

Scramble the forward CDMA channel

Control the insertion of power control bit

Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel to identify the

Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN

offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).

Walsh code W2n=

64-order Walsh function is used as a spreading function and