Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Systems Development
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Presentation Overview
Seven Phases In The Systems
Development Life Cycle
Knowledge Workers and Their Roles In
The Systems Development Life Cycle
Why Systems Fail
Selfsourcing
Outsourcing
Prototyping
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Opening Case Study
Building The Unbelievable – The
Hoberman Arch
Many information systems are developed
and brought to life by following the
systems development life cycle.
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Introduction
Systems development
life cycle (SDLC) - a
structured step-by-step
approach for developing
information systems.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 1: Plan
Define the system to be developed.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 1: Plan
Planning phase - involves determining a solid
plan for developing your information system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 1: Plan
Project scope document - a written definition
of the project scope and is usually no longer
than a paragraph.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 2: Analysis
Analysis phase - involves end users and IT
specialists working together to gather,
understand, and document the business
requirements for the proposed system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 2: Analysis
Joint application development (JAD) -
knowledge workers and IT specialists meet,
sometimes for several days, to define or review
the business requirements for the system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 3: Design
Design phase - build a technical blueprint of
how the proposed system will work.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 3: Design
Modeling - the activity of drawing a graphical
representation of a design.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 3: Design
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 4: Development
Build the technical architecture.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 4: Development
Development phase - take all of your
detailed design documents from the
design phase and transform them into an
actual system.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 5: Test
Write the test conditions.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 5: Test
Testing phase - verifies that the system
works and meets all of the business
requirements defined in the analysis
phase.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 6: Implement
Write detailed user documentation.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 6: Implement
Implementation phase - distribute the
system to all of the knowledge workers
and they begin using the system to
perform their everyday jobs.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 6: Implement
Online training - runs over the Internet or
off a CD-ROM.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 7: Maintain
Build a help desk to support the system
users.
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Seven Phases in the SDLC
Phase 7: Maintain
Maintenance phase - monitor and
support the new system to ensure it
continues to meet the business goals.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Your participation in the systems
development process is vitally important
because you are (or will be) a:
1. Business process expert
2. Liaison to the customer
3. Quality control analyst
4. Manager of other people
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Plan
Define which systems are to be
developed.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Analysis
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Design
IT specialists perform most of the activities
during the design phase.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Develop
Confirm any changes to business
requirements.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Test
Review the test conditions to ensure the IT
specialists have tested all of the system
functionality and that every single test condition
has passed.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
Maintain
Ensure all of the knowledge workers have the
support they require in order to use the system.
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Knowledge Workers and Their
Roles in the SDLC
IT Specialists and Knowledge Workers
Working Together
Team Work
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Why Systems Fail
Unclear or Missing Requirements
The business requirements drive the
entire system.
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Why Systems Fail
Skipping SDLC Phases
The first thing individuals tend to do when
a project falls behind schedule is to start
skipping phases in the SDLC.
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Why Systems Fail
Failure To Manage Project Scope
The project manager must track the status of
each activity and adjust the project plan if a
activity is added or taking longer than expected.
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Why Systems Fail
Failure To Manage Project Plan
The project plan is the road map you follow
during the development of the system.
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Why Systems Fail
Changing Technology
Technology changes so fast that it’s
almost impossible to deliver an information
system without feeling the pain of
changing technology.
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Insourcing
Three choices for building a system include:
1. IT specialists within your organization - Insourcing
2. Knowledge workers such as yourself – Selfsourcing
3. Another organization – Outsourcing
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Selfsourcing
Selfsourcing (also called On Your Own
knowledge worker
development or end user
development) - the
development and support
of IT systems by How Have
knowledge workers with You Selfsourced?
little or no help from IT (p. 303)
specialists.
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Selfsourcing
The Selfsourcing Process
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Selfsourcing
The Advantages of Selfsourcing
Improves requirements determination.
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Selfsourcing
Potential Pitfalls and Risks of Selfsourcing
Inadequate knowledge worker expertise leads to
inadequately developed systems.
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Outsourcing
Developing Strategic Partnerships
IT outsourcing takes on 1 of 4 forms:
1. Purchasing existing software.
2. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher
to make certain modifications.
3. Purchasing existing software and pay the publisher
for the right to make modifications yourself.
4. Outsourcing the development of an entirely new and
unique system for which no software exists.
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Outsourcing
Developing Strategic Partnerships
Team Work
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Outsourcing
The Outsourcing Process
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Outsourcing
The Outsourcing Process
Steps of the outsourcing process
2. Plan
3. Define project scope
4. Select a target system
5. Establish logical requirements
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Outsourcing
The Outsourcing Process
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Outsourcing
The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Outsourcing
Advantages of outsourcing include:
Reduce costs.
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Outsourcing
The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Outsourcing
Disadvantages of outsourcing include:
Reduces technical know-how for future
innovation.
Reduces degree of control.
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Outsourcing
The Advantages and Disadvantages of
Outsourcing
On Your Own
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Prototyping
Prototyping - the process of building a model that
demonstrates the features of a proposed product,
service, or system.
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Prototyping
The Prototyping Process
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Prototyping
The Prototyping Process
The prototyping process involves four
steps:
1. Identify basic requirements
2. Develop initial prototype
3. Knowledge worker review
4. Revise and enhance the prototype
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Prototyping
The Advantages of Prototyping
Encourages active knowledge worker participation.
Helps resolve discrepancies among knowledge
workers.
Gives knowledge workers a feel for the final
system.
Helps determine technical feasibility.
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Prototyping
The Disadvantages of Prototyping
Leads people to believe the final system will
follow shortly.
Gives no indication of performance under
operational conditions.
Leads the project team to forgo proper testing
and documentation.
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Closing Case Study One
Some Prototypes Hit, Some Miss, and
Some We Are Just Not Sure About
There are many hilarious prototypes that
failed such as garlic cake and toaster
eggs.
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Closing Case Study Two
Al’s Barbeque Restaurant
Automating a manual business is an
extremely difficult task.
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Summary
Student Learning Outcomes
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Summary
Student Learning Outcomes
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Summary
Assignments & Exercises
1. SDLC and the real world
2. How creative are you?
3. Request for proposal
4. Understanding insourcing
5. Managing the project plan
6. Why prototype?
7. Business requirements
8. Why projects fail
9. Construction and the SDLC
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Project planning and project management
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