BUILDING CONSTRUCTION REPORT

Name : Rohit A.Digra

College: Dr.Baliram Hiray College Of
Architecture
Year : 5th Year B.Arch (I.D.)

LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

Lift
The smartness of any vertical system depends
upon the intelligence with which it handles the
traffic. The transportation capacity of any elevator
system depends upon the critical period of
maximum demand and the system must
serve the calls during the period of maximum
demand while simultaneously subjecting
passengers to an acceptable waiting period of
time.
The no. of elevators and the locations in a
particular building depends upon various factors
like flow of traffic, building population, quality
and quantity of services expected.
Hc = 300p/t ---hc-handling capacity of car, t
round trip time, per persons/car.
N=vi/300p=v/hc,vpeak hr. traffic
Lift/elevator an appliance by which persons and
goods are moved vertically from one level to
another; its component part consists of the
winding machine, car, counterweight, guides,
suspension ropes, control gear with safety
devices.

LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

Passenger elevator
Structural slab of machinery, 150 mm thk. Designed to
sustain min. 1000kg/m2udl.
Power supply 400volts, 3phase,4wires & 230 volts
1phase.

All hoist way walls should be minimum 230mm brick

or 150mm r.c.c.
Centre opening door should be preferred.
Depth should be 1.40m (46) below the lowest
landing lvl.
Lift pit on hard strata---raft foundation-completely
water tight, m.s. Ladder to be provided
Provide 40cmx40cmx75cm,1:2:4 concrete blocks in
lift pit for buffer spring.
Rcc bracer beams to be provided in bk. Masonry &
guide rails should be fixed to it.
4 no. Pockets to be provided in machine room slab as
fixing supports.
Specifications to be confirmed with elevator agency.

LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

Grouping of elevators----minimize
walking distance between
entrances, quick access to cars,
less confusion between waiting
passengers.

LIFTS AND ESCALATORS

Escalator
An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people, consisting of individual,
linked steps that move up or down on tracks, which keep the treads horizontal.
As a power-driven, continuous moving stairway designed to transport passengers up and
down vertical distances, escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical. Principal areas of usage include department
stores, shopping malls, airports, transit systems, convention centers, hotels, and public
buildings.
The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to
move large numbers of people, and they can be placed in the
same physical space as one might install a staircase. They have
no waiting interval (except during very heavy traffic), they can
be used to guide people toward main exits or special exhibits,
and they may be weatherproofed for outdoor use.
Electric traction elevators are used in exclusively in tall
buildings.
Hydraulic elevators are used generally in low rise freight service
which rises up to about six storeys & also for low rise passenger
service.
Escalators to be viewed as preferred transportation system
whenever heavy traffic volumes are expected between relatively
few floors.AIRPORT TERMINALS, SHOPPING malls, etc.
Escalators used when it is necessary to move large no. Of people
from floor to floor.

These stairs have continuous operation without the need for operators.
Minimum depth of tread-indirection of travel 400mm
Maximum rise between treads 230mm
Minimum width of tread -- 600mm
Maximum width of tread 1000mm
Maximum clearance bet. Tread & adjacent skirt
panel Maximum distance bet. Handrail centrelines758mm(min)
Width of escalator---1140mm

Driving Machine

Hand Rail
Steps
Truss

Endless Belt

SHELLS

SHELL STRUCTURES
A shell structure is a thin, curved membrane of slab, usually of reinforced concrete, that
functions both as structure and covering, the structure deriving its strength and rigidity from
the curved shell form.

It is generally capable of transmitting load in more than two directions to supports.

These structures are highly efficient structurally when they are so shaped, proportioned and
supported that they transmit the loads without bending or twisting. A shell is defined by its
middle surface halfway between its inner surface and outer surface. Depending upon the
geometry of the middle surface, shells may be classified as:

A Dome
A barrel arch
Cone, and
Hyperbolic and parabolic

A thin shell has relatively small shell compared to other dimensions. It should not
be so thin that the deformation would be large compared with the thickness. The shell
shearing stresses normal to the middle surface should be negligible. The thin shells usually
are design so that normal shears, bending moments and torsions are very small except for
relatively small portions.

The term shell is used to describe these structures by reference to the very
considerable strength and rigidity of thin, natural, curved forms such as the shell of an egg, a
nut and crustaceans such as the tortoise. The strength and rigidity of curved shell structure
makes it possible to construct single curved barrel vaults 60 mm thick and double curved
hyperbolic paraboloids 40 mm thick in reinforced concrete for spans of 30.0.

SHELLS

Single curvature shells, curved on one linear axis, are part of a cylinder or cone in the form
of barrel vaults and conoid shells. Double curvature shells are either part of as sphere, as a
dome, or a hyperboloid.
The term single curvature and double curvature are used to differentiate the
comparative rigidity of the two forms and the complexity of the centering necessary to
construct the shells forms. Double curvature of a shell adds considerably to its stiffness,
resistance to deformation under load and reduction in the need for restrain against
deformation.

The most straightforward shell construction is the barrel vault, which is part of a
cylinder or barrel with the same curvature along its length. The short span barrel vault is
used for the width of the arch ribs between which the barrel vaults span. It is cast on
similar arch ribs supporting straight timber or metal centering which is comparatively
simple and economic to erect and which can, without waste be taken down and use again
for similar vaults.
A shell structure is many times more expensive than a portal frame structure
covering the same floor area because of the considerable labor require to construct the
centering on which the shell is cast.
The material most suited to the construction of a shell structure is concrete
which is a highly a plastic material when first mixed with water that can take up any shape
on centering or insert formwork.

SHELLS

SHELLS

Domes

Domes are semi-spherical or semi-elliptical in shape.

They are used as roof structures. Constructed of stone or bricks
or concretes. They are supported on circular or regular polygon
shaped walls.

Dome structures have within certain height and

diameters vary small thickness. Dome structures are generally
used in monumental works were roof are to be build on building
circular or hexagonal in plan.

The domes can be either

(1) Smooth shaped domes
(2) Ribbed domes.

Smooth shell domes can have either shell of uniform

thickness or with shell of uniformly varying thickness. A dome
can be constructed with or without lantern.

Space frame dome exceptionally light structures, which

permit the spanning of large distances with relative reduction
materials. The dome surface can be subdivided into a number of
triangles or other regular polygons the sides of which are hinge
bars.
Any dome shell roof will tend to flatten due to the
loading and this tendency must be resisted by stiffening beams
or similar to all the cut edges. As a general grid domes which
rise in access of 1- 6 of their diameter required a ring beam.
Timber domes like their steel counter parts are usually
constructed in a single layer grid system and covered with a
suitable thin skin membrane.

SHELLS

Conoid Shells

These are similar to barrel

vaults but are double
curvature shells as opposed
to the singlecurvature of the
barrel vaults. Two basic
geometrical forms are
encountered.

A straight line is moved

along a curved line at one
end and a straight line at the
other end. The resultant
shape being cut to the
required length.
A straight line will move
along the curve line at one
end and the different curve
line at the other end.

SHELLS

Barrel Vaults
These are shells of single curvature and are commonly called barrel vault.
Geometrically a barrel wall is a cut half cylinder which presents no particular setting out
problems. When two barrel walls intersect the lines, lines of intersection are called groins.
Barrel walls like domes tend to flatten unless adequately restrained and in vault restraint will
be required art the ends in the form of a diaphragm and along the edges.
From a design point of view barrel vaults act as a beam with the length being
considered as the span which if it is longer than its width or chord distance is called a long
span barrel vault, or conversely if the span is shorter than the cord distance is termed short
barrel vault.
Short barrel vaults with their relatively large chord distance
and consequently large radii to their inner and outer curved
surfaces may require stiffening ribs to overcome the tendency
to buckle. The extra stresses caused by the introduction this
stiffener or ribs will necessitate the inclusion of extra
reinforcement at the rib position, alternatively the shell could
be thicken locally about the rib for the distance of about 1/5 th
of the rib spacing.
The concrete shell is from 55-75 thickness for span
of 12.0-30.0 respectively. This thickness of concrete provides
sufficient cover of concrete to protect the reinforcement
against damage by fire and protection against corrosion. The
wet concrete is spread over the centering on the reinforcement
and compacted by, hand to the required thickness.

SHELLS

The usual form of barrel vaults is the

span vault where the strength and
stiffness of shell lines at right angles
to the curvature so that the span is
longitudinal to the curvature. The
usual span of a long-span barrel vault
is from 12.0-30.0 mts. with the width
being about half the span and the
rise about one fifth of the width. To
cover large areas, multi-span, multibay barrel vault roofs can be used
where the roof is extended across the
width of the vaults as a multi-bay
roof, as a multi-bay, multi-span roof.

Edge and valley beam

Due to the self-weight and imposed loads the
thin shell will tend to spread and its curvature flatten
out. To resist this, reinforced concrete edge beams are
cast between columns as an integral part of the shell.
Edge beam may be cast as a drop beam or upstand
beam or partly dropped beams.

SHELLS

Expansion joints
If there is excessive contraction
or expansion the stresses so
caused might deform the shell
and cause gradual collapse. To
limit contraction or expansion,
continuous expansion is formed
at interval of about 30 mts.
Both along the span and across
width of multi bay, multi span
barrel vault roofs. The
expansion joint transverse to
the span of the vaults is formed
with a non-ferrous flashing to
weather. Longitudinal
expansion joints are formed in
a valley with upstand
weathered with non-ferrous
capping over the joint.

SHELLS


North light reinforced
concrete barrel vault

To avoid the possibility

of overheating and glare from
top light in the summer a
system of north light reinforced
concrete barrel vault is used.
The roof consist of a thin
reinforced concrete shell on the
south facing side of the roof with
a reinforced concrete framed
north facing slope, pitched at
60-80 degree.

Rigidity of barrel vault depends

on its continuous curvature,
which in this type of roof is
interrupted by north light
opening. North light shell is less
efficient structurally than a
barrel vault shell. The economic
span of the north light shell is
12 15 Mts. as compared to 30
or more of barrel vault.

SHELLS

SHELLS

Hyperbolic Paraboloids
These are obtained by sliding a vertical parabola with
upward curvature on another parabola with downward
curvature in a plane at right angle to the plane the first. Here
directions, up in one and down in the other. This surface
generally called a saddle surface. There are different ways in
which saddle surfaces can be supported. The surfaces are
generally design with small rises so as to produce fairly flat
roofs. If cut by planes parallel to the two parabolas, the edges
will be parabolic and the supporting structure must be
parabolic.

To obtain a more practical shaped than the true

saddle the usual shaped hyperbolic paraboloid which is formed
by rising of or lowering one or more corners of a square. By
virtue of its shape this form of shell roof has a greater resistant
to buckling than dome shapes.
Hyperbolic paraboloid shells can be used singly or conjunction
with one another to cover any particular plan shape or size. If
the rise is small the result will be the hyperbolic paraboloid of
low curvature acting structurally like a plate which will have to
be relatively thick to provide the necessary resistance to
deflection. To obtain full advantage of the inbuilt strength of the
shape the rise to diagonal span ratio should not be less than
1:15 indeed the higher the rise the greater will be the strength
and the shell can be thinner.

SHELLS

SPACEFRAME

SPACEFRAME

SPACEFRAME
Aspace frameorspace structureis atruss-like, lightweight
rigid structure constructed from interlocking struts in
ageometricpattern. Space frames usually utilize a
multidirectional span, and are often used to accomplish long
spans with few supports. They derive their strength from the
inherent rigidity of the triangular frame;
flexingloads(bendingmoments) are transmitted
astensionandcompressionloads along the length of each
strut.
Most often their geometry is based onplatonic solids. The
simplest form is a horizontal slab of interlocking
squarepyramidsbuilt from aluminiumor tubularsteelstruts.
In many ways this looks like the horizontal jib of a tower crane
repeated many times to make it wider. A stronger purer form is
composed of interlockingtetrahedral pyramidsin which all the
struts have unit length. More technically this is referred to as
an isotropic vector matrix or in a single unit width
anoctettruss. More complex variations change the lengths of
the struts to curve the overall structure or may incorporate
other geometrical shapes.
Space frames were independently developed byAlexander
Graham Bellaround 1900 andBuckminster Fullerin the 1950s.
Bell's interest was primarily in using them to make rigid
frames for nautical and aeronautical engineering although few
if any were realised. Buckminster Fuller's focus
Space frames are an increasingly common architectural technique especially for large
wasarchitecturalstructures and has had more lasting
roof spans inmodernistcommercial and industrial buildings.
influence.

SPACEFRAME

ADVANTAGES OF SPACE-FRAMES:
Space frame systems are three-dimensional structures which are constructed by
connecting straight tubular struts to each others with the use of solid spherical hubs.
Theese systems carry loads by axial forces. The conic parts are welded to the strut edges
and the struts connecting by spherical hubs.
Some of the advantages of space frames are described below:
Because of the space frame systems are three-dimensional structures which work in two
direction, for a large spans it provides economical solutions.
t is possible to cover spans until 100 m. without column by using space frame systems.
They provide a great flexibility in the selection of support locations and allows to apply for
different geometrical shapes / areas.
The design / manufacture / installation process is completed in a very short interval due to
the use of prefabricated components. t gives a big opportunity to the customer to start his
production
Transporting to far distances is provided easily due to the use of prefabricated
components.
Space frame systems are lighter than traditional steel and reinforced concrete structures.
Therefore, it provides significant economy in foundation costs.
Space frame systems are the most useful structures for the earth-quake areas due to their
light unit weight.
t is not nacessary to cover by hung ceilings because of its aesthetic appearance.
Additional structures to support the heating, ventilating, electrical and other systems are
not required for space frame structures.
Because of the aesthetic attribute, space frames are very suitable for glass or
policarbonate skylights.
t provides various alternative solutions in architectural areas for complex geometrical
shapes (pyramid, triangle, dome, barrel vault e.t.c.)

SPACEFRAME