COMPUTER SYSTEM

Presented by:
Supriya Basel
Sagar Belbase
Lochan Basel

INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY:
Technology

is a science; everyone has their own way

of understanding . It is the study of the hardware,

software and networking that are the foundations of
modern computer systems. Computers are now a
fundamental part of everyday lives, controlling
everything from toasters to nuclear power stations.
Therefore , technology is a skill wherever it is
applied ; it makes the things better and enhanced.

COMPUTER SYSTEM:
It is a complex system having different components, they
are equally important to be a computer system. Basically
hardware and software such as Input unit, Processing unit,
Memory unit, Output unit, Operating system, Language
processor, Utilities, MS Office, Tally, MIS, etc.

TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS:

Computer system is classified into various ways as:

1.
Super Computer:
It is a special category of extremely powerful computer
(computing) systems specifically designed for high-speed
numeric computations. They are capable of carrying out
billions of arithmetic operations per second. It has several
numbers of processors in a single system. It can handle
more than ten thousands workstations at a time. So, it can
be used as a server. Examples are CRAY, CYBER 205,
NEC Super , Param etc.

2. Mainframe computer:
also a very powerful multi-user
computer
used in large business organization,
examination departments, industries
and defense to process complex data.
can response several hundred request
very quickly.

3. Minicomputer:
Larger

and more powerful than most

microcomputers but are smaller and less powerful
than most large mainframe computer systems.

Used

in university, large business organization to

process complex data.

Also

used in scientific research , instrumentation

system, engineering analysis

Example:

PDP-11,VAX

4. Microcomputer :
mostly

used computers nowadays.

also

called personal computers as it is a

single user computer.

supports

many higher languages,

multimedia, graphics, 3D graphics and
games.

popular

as it is small in size, has low price,

and low maintenance cost.

Example : IBM PCs, Apple Mac etc.

COMPUTER MEMORY
Any

physical device capable of storing information temporarily or

permanently.

Computer memory is the storage space in computer where data is

to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored

For

example, Random Access Memory (RAM), is a volatile

memory that stores information on an integrated circuit used by
the operating system ,software, and hardware.

Memory

is primarily of three types

i.

Cache Memory

ii.

Primary Memory/Main Memory

iii.

Secondary Memory

CACHE MEMORY:

A CPU cache is a hardware cache used

by the central processing unit (CPU) of
a computer to reduce the average cost
(time or energy) to access data from the
main memory. The cache is a smaller,
faster memory which stores copies of
the data from frequently used main
memory locations. Most CPUs have
different independent caches, including
instruction and data caches, where the
data cache is usually organized as a
hierarchy of more cache levels

CPU- CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

A central processing unit (CPU) is

the electronic circuitry within a computer that
carries out the instructions of a computer
program by performing the basic arithmetic,
logical, control and input/output (I/O)
operations specified by the instructions. The
term has been used in the computer industry at
least since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the
term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control
unit (CU), distinguishing these core elements of
a computer from external components such
as main memory and I/O circuitry.

HARDWARE:

Computer hardware is the collection of physical parts of a

computer system. This includes the computer case, monitor,
keyboard, and mouse. It also includes all the parts inside the
computer case, such as the hard disk drive, motherboard, video
card, and many others. Computer hardware is what you can
physically touch.

INPUT DEVICES:

any device that enters information into a computer from

a external source.

feeds data to the computer system for processing.

Examples include: keyboards, touch screens, mouse,

trackballs, microphones, scanners, etc.

OUTPUT DEVICE:

An output is when the computer communicates the

results of the processed data.

The data has been transformed into useful information

that we can see and use.

Examples include: monitors, speakers, and printers, etc.

SOFTWARE:

A set of instructions, stored digitally within the computer's

memory, which tells the computer system what to do.

Software components of a computer system have no physical

presence, they are stored in digital form within computer
memory.

Software can be classified as :

i.
System Software
ii.
Application Software
iii. Utility Software

SYSTEM SOFTWARE:
software which is primarily used to operate the
hardware.
used to manage and control the hardware
components and which allow interaction between
the hardware and the other types of software.
The most obvious type of system software is the
computer's operating system but device drivers are
also included within this category.
Examples of system software include operating
systems ,computational science software, game
engines, industrial automation , and software as a
service applications

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

software designed to help the user to

perform specific tasks

Application software tends be used for the

tasks that have some relationship to the
world outside of the computer.

For example, you might use a word

processor to write a letter or an essay.
Although you use the computer to perform
the task, the task itself might reasonably be
considered to be a non-computer task.

UTILITY SOFTWARE:
are small, powerful programs with a limited
capability, they are usually operated by the
user to maintain a smooth running of the
computer system.
Various examples include file management,
diagnosing problems and finding out
information about the computer etc.
Notable examples of utility programs include
copy, paste, delete, file searching, disk
defragmenter, disk cleanup.
However, there are also other types that can
be separately installable from the Operating
System.