Solids, Liquids and Gases

Syllabus
Title
Lesson 01: Density
Lesson 02: Brownian Motion
Lesson 03: Pressure, Temperature and Volume

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Solids, Liquids and Gases

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Density

10/01/16

Aims:
To experimentally find the density of different materials
To calculate the density of different materials
Starter:
Which has more mass honey or beer?

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Density
Definition:

Density

is a measure of how much mass of a

substance is contained in a fixed volume.
Symbol:
(rho)
Equation:
= m or m = V
V
m
Mnemonic:
my violent rhino
Units:
kg/m3

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What is the Mass of Air in the Room?

make a guess
Then Calculate:
density of air = 1.2 kg/m3
If all the air the room was condensed into a liquid it
would form a layer about 5mm deep

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Measuring Density: Solids

Measure

the mass

Measure

the volume

Using

a ruler (if regular shape)

Using

Eureka Jars (by displacement of water)

In
Use

a measuring cylinder (by displacement of water)

= m
Archimedes
287 212 BC

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Measuring Density: Liquids

Measure

the mass
Measure the volume using a measuring cylinder
use = m
V

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Measuring Density

Measure the density of the materials available

Dont forget water
Enter your results into a table and calculate the density
Material

Mass

Volume

Density

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Density

recap

Aims:
To experimentally find the density of different materials
To calculate the density of different materials

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Brownian Motion

10/01/16

Aims:
To describe the molecular structure of solids, liquids
and gases

To explain brownian motion

Starter:
draw the structure of a solid, liquid and gas in the back of
your books

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Solid
The atoms/molecules vibrate
atoms/molecules cannot move past each other
atoms/molecules are touching
Melt

freeze

Liquid
The molecules move around randomly
Molecules are touching
Boil/
evaporate

sublime
deposit

condense

Gas
The molecules move around randomly
There is a lot of space between the particles
Handout

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Brownian Motion

First observed in 1785

by Jan Ingenhauz

If a small visible particle is observed in a fluid it

will slowly move without any visible force being
applied.
Examples: Smoke particles in air
Pollen in water
Molecules in the air collide with the smoke
particles randomly and it is moving due to the
continually altering resultant force.

Robert Brown
(17731858)

Movie Brownian Motion

Demo Brownian Motion

Brownian Motion (Video Clip 1 2)

Albert Einstein
(18791955)

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Demo Diffusion

Bromine in Air
Coloured Water in Gas Jars

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Diffusion

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Diffusion

When particles are released in an enclosed area (i.e. smoke) they

slowly disperse throughout the fluid (i.e. air).
This is due to collisions between molecules moving the particles
of the smoke in a random direction.

Movie Diffusion

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What is Pressure?

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What is Pressure?

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What is Pressure?

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Pressure

Definition:
molecules in a gas have a random motion
They hit a surface
When they hit they exert a force.
This force causes the pressure on a surface
Can increase the pressure by
more particles (more impacts, therefore more force)
Faster particles (harder impacts, therefore more force)
Smaller area
Symbol: p
Equation: p = F or
F=pA

Mnemonic: Put Foot on Ant or Fluffy Pink Animals

Units:
Pascals, Pa
N/m2
Note: Pressure is the same at all points in a fluid

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Questions
1)
2)
3)

4)

5)

6)
7)

Calculate the pressure exerted by a 1000N elephant when standing

on the floor if his feet have a total area of 1m2.
A brick is rested on a surface. The brick has an area of 2cm 2. Its
weight is 10N. Calculate the pressure.
A woman exerts a pressure of 100N/cm2 when standing on the
floor. If her weight is 500N what is the area of the floor she is
standing on?
Joe sits on a balloon. Joe weighs 500 N and the area of the
balloon being sat on is 20 cm2. The balloon will pop if the pressure
is greater than 20 N/cm2. Does it pop?
Jill weighs 600N, the femur bone in her thigh has an area of 4 cm 2.
What is the pressure in her thigh bone? She jumps from the
first floor window effectively doubling her weight. Her thigh
bones can each stand a pressure of 200 N/cm2. Will her bones
withstand the impact?
Why is a sharp knife easier to use than a blunt knife
Why would a woman with stilettos damage a floor more than an
elephant would?
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Pressure Difference

Separate Science

Demo:
What will happen if the bottle of water is filled with water?
Why?

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Pressure and Depth

Separate Science

Pressure increases with depth

Pressure is the same in all directions at a certain depth
pressure difference = height density g
p=hg
So the pressure difference in water (=1000 kg/m3 is a lot greater
than the pressure difference in the atmosphere =1.2kg/m3)

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Brownian Motion

recap

Aims:
To describe the molecular structure of solids, liquids
and gases

To explain brownian motion

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Pressure Temperature and Volume

10/01/16

Aims:
To explain relationships between temperature, volume and pressure
of gases
Starter:
Copy and complete the table
Symbol

Units

Temperature

Celsius

Temperature

Kelvin

Unit Symbol
o

kilogram
m
A
Volume
Density
newton
p
J
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Heating Gases

What happens to the kinetic energy of the particles when a gas is heated?

What happens to the pressure?

gas gets
hotter
more kinetic
energy
more collisions at
greater speed
more pressure

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Heating Gases
If a gas is heated:
1.
Molecules have more kinetic energy (KE)
2.
Move faster
3.
More collisions with the side at greater speed
4.
More Pressure

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Heating Gases
What sort of graph would you get if you plotted temperature (T C)
against the average kinetic energy (KEave) of the particles.

KEave

-273

TC
Movie Absolute Zero
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Heating Gases
If you increase the temperature (in Kelvin) what happens to the
kinetic energy?

KE

Tk
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Absolute Zero

If a gas is cooled the opposite happens

If it is cooled enough the particles stop moving
This happens at Absolute Zero (-273 C)
The Kelvin Scale of Temperature starts at absolute zero
1 K C
Kelvin
0

Centigrade
-

273

180

-93

273

373

100

1300

1027

Movie Thermometers

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Pressure Law

Separate Science

Sometimes called the GayLussac Law, but normally the

pressure law as he has another
one named after him.
Gay Lussac published both the
pressure and Charles Law.
Also established the method of
measuring alcohol in drinks
(ABV)

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Pressure Law: Experiment

Separate Science

Place a flask of air into a water

bath.
Measure the pressure of the
flask using a pressure sensor or
Bourdon (pressure) Gauge
Change the temperature of the
water bath in 5 K intervals.
Volume constant

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Pressure Law

Separate Science

Definition:
For a fixed mass of gas at a constant volume, the pressure is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature
Equation:
p/T = constant

p1/T1 = p2/T2

Where:
is pressure in Pa
T is temperature in K

p (Pa)

Notes:
Only works if temperature is in kelvin
Pa Nm-2

T (K)

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Worked Examples

Separate Science

We normally use the pressure law to compare pressures before and

after.
As p/T = Constant then
p/T before = p/T after
Hence it is often written as:

p1/T1 = p2/T2

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Question

Separate Science

A solid sphere containing helium is at a pressure of 1 x 105 Pa and is

then cooled from 400 K to 300 K.
What is the final pressure?
p1
= 1 x 105 Pa
T1

= 400 K

T2

= 300 K

p1/T1

= p2/T2

1 x 105 =
400
p2

p2

300
= 1 x 105.300
400
= 7.5 x 104 Pa

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Questions
1.

2.

3.

4.

An airplane contains air at 9 x 104 Pa. During flight the temperature

increases from 260 K to 290K. Assuming the volume of air does not
alter, what is the change in pressure?
A gas cylinder containing explosive hydrogen gas has a pressure of 5 x
106 Pa at a temperature of 300 K. The cylinder can withstand a
pressure of 6 x 106 Pa before it bursts, causing a building-flattening
explosion. What is the maximum temperature the cylinder can
withstand before bursting?
High pressure steam is used in a power station. The steams initial
pressure is 5 x 105 Pa. After going through the turbine its pressure is
1 x 105 Pa. The steams final temperature is 150 C. What was its
starting temperature assuming the volume of air is constant?
A deep sea diver holds her breath as she surfaces. The pressure in her
lungs is 4 x 105 Pa 30 m down and the temperature is 35 C.
Atmospheric Pressure = 1 x 105 Pa. If she managed to keep the volume
of air constant what temperature would the air in her lungs be when
she surfaced?
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Robert Boyle

Studied the cold and air

Modern scientist he relied on
experiments to prove his
theories
A Chemist and Physicist not an
alchemist and a magician

Robert Boyle
1627 - 1691

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Boyles Law

A glass tube is filled with oil

except for air at the top.

The pressure of the oil is

increased shrinking the air
column.

The gas is left to cool.

The pressure is dropped in

stages and the volume
measured once it has cooled
down.

NB Temperature constant
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Boyles Law

Definition:
For a fixed mass of gas at a constant temperature, the
volume is inversely proportional to the pressure.
Equation:
pV = constant

p1V1 = p2V2

Where:

V (m3)

p (Pa)
is volume in m3
p is pressure in Pa
Notes:
Mass must be the same (i.e. no particles escape)
T must be constant
V

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Questions
1.

2.

3.

4.

In the upper atmosphere a weather balloon has a volume of

50 m3. At ground level (1 x 105 Pa pressure) the volume is
20 m3. What is the pressure in the upper atmosphere
A child takes a 0.01 m3 balloon from atmospheric pressure
1 x 105 Pa into an airplane containing air at 9 x 10 4 Pa.
Assuming the temperature does not change what is the
volume of her balloon?
A climber carries a polystyrene flask up a mountain. The
volume of the flask is 0.0002 m3 at sea level. The flask
increases in size to 0.0003 m3. Assuming the temperature
does not change. What is the pressure at the top of the
mountain.
A diver is 30 m below the surface where the pressure is 4
x 105 Pa. The volume of their lungs is 0.005 m3. What is
the volume of air they could breathe out at atmospheric
pressure? (assuming the temperature is constant).

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Exam Questions

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Explain the Following

1)
2)
3)
4)

How do hot air balloons work?

How can a small barbeque tank hold enough propane to cook with
all summer long?
Why do helium balloons float
What will effect the time it takes to smell the perfume of a
person who walks past you?

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