Mobile Telecommunication

I N T R O D U C T IO N T O W I RE L E S S
C O M M U N IC A T I O N S Y S T E M
LECTURE 1

Introduction
2

Communication Medium

Acoustical
Optical
Electrical
Wired
Wireless
Wireless versus Mobile
Private versus Public

History
3
Use of light as communication

heliographs, flags (semaphore), ...

150 BC smoke signals for communication; (Greece)
1794, optical telegraph, Claude Chappe
Electromagnetic Wave

1831-79 Faraday and Maxwell demonstrates

electromagnetic induction and theory of
electromagnetic fields
H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates the wave
character of electrical transmission through space

History
4

1896 Guglielmo Marconi:

first demonstration of wireless telegraphy

long wave transmission, high transmission power
necessary ( +200kw)
1907 Commercial transatlantic connections

huge ground stations (30 by100m antennas)

1915 Wireless voice transmission
1920 Discovery of short waves (< 100m) by Marconi

reflection at the ionosphere

(cheaper) smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube
(1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben)

History
5

1920 First commercial radio broadcast

1928 many TV broadcast trials
1933 Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong)
1935 First telephone call around the world
1958, then 1972A-Netz and B-Netz in Germany analog, 160MHz,

connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile
station has to be known)
1974 FCC allocates 40Mhz for Cellular telephony
1982 Start of GSM-specification in Europe (Global System for Mobile
communication)
1983 Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System,
analog)
1984 CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones

History
6

1994 E-Netzin Germany

GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells, supported by 11 countries

1996HiperLAN(High Performance Radio Local Area Network)
standardization of type 1: 5.15 -5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s
recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as
wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s)
1997 Wireless LAN -IEEE802.11
IEEE-Standard, 2.4 -2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
already many products (with proprietary extensions)
1998 Specification of GSM successors
for UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European
proposals for IMT-2000

History/future?
7

2000

IMT2000/UMTS tested and deployed with multimedia

services
2010s

Wireless Broadband communication will be available with BOFDM and all IP

2010s+

Radio over fiber (such as fiber optic microcell)

Vision
8

Wireless Advantages/limitations
9
Advantages:

Cost independent of terrain and distance

Suitable for incremental capacity enhancement, i.e. flexible planning
Reduced maintenance effort, i.e. better reliability
Ease of installation and maintenance, i.e. suitability for temporary or emergency services
Dynamic use of medium
Limited mobility
Suitable for multiple operators.
Limitation:

Capacity limited by frequency allocation, i.e. cellular design is expensive

Margin has to be provided for multipath propagation effect, i.e. expensive for normal
urban application
Power source required at terminal end

Family Tree ( Ramjee Prasad)

10

Services
11

Walkie Talkie/Radiophone
Paging
Private Mobile Radio
Cordless System
Cellular System and Personal Communication
Satellite

WALKIE TALKIE

12

Push on and off

Half duplex
Low quality
Short Distance
No privacy to user

PAGING
13

Radio paging is defined as:a non-speech, one-way, personal selective calling

system with alert, without message or with defined message such as numeric or
alphanumeric.
Simplex and up to 1000 character (Low quality) can be sent.
Strength: inexpensive, small receiver, wide area, no antenna required, discrete

communication of messages
Weakness: no confirmation of received message, malicious user
Form of paging: Public (wide area) and Private (on site)
The Paging Network Controller (PNC) handles the user interface and the user

features of a paging system via PSTN

PAGING
14

The Transmission Network (TN) is the infrastructure through which the pages

are distributed to Paging Base Stations (PBS) which are located over a wide
geographical area.
Older paging concepts:

2Tone, 5Tone, NEC, Golay, Voice Paging

RDS (Radio Data System) and based on sequential tone
Today, there are two different digital:
Post Office Code Standard Advisory Group (POCSAG)
European Radio Messaging System (ERMES)

PAGING
15

Private Mobile Radio (PMR)

16
Use one radio channel
Duplex operation
Serve needs of certain group
Control fleet of mobile e.g. police, taxi, etc.
Use common channel
Buy or rent equipment
Pay to system operator for accessing fee
Limitation

Congestion
Limited number of channels
Low capacity system
High transmission power from RBS (Radio base station)
Interference because no frequency re-use
Lack of control over users and lack of privacy
No link to PSTN
Limited support of voice and data transmission

PMR
17

CORDLESS SYSTEM

18
The cordless telephone, as its name implies, replaces the cord to the handset with a radio link,

giving user degree of mobility

Cordless telephone consists of (1)Base unit and (2) Portable unit
The range to the fixed base unit can be many tens of meters, depending on its sitting
The principal difference between cellular and cordless communication technologies is the degree of
mobility provided to the subscriber
Cellular system allow mobile subscriber to communicate continuously over wide areas by providing
handover to adjacent cells while cordless system restrict mobility to a finite area
First generation cordless (CT-1) system are based on analogue technologies and characterized by
variable quality and are prone to interference with nearby system.
Other disadvantages:
poor speech quality
limited range
bulky
short battery life
poor security

CT-2 and CT3 (DECT)

19

CT2:Use digital technology

3 main applications: Domestic use (Residential), Cordless PABX , Telepoint.
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication (DECT): A standard originally

developed by ETSI (1992) in Europe

Applications includes domestic cordless, Telepoint, and cordless PBXs
Support multiple bearer channels for speech and data transmission, handover, location
registration, and paging.
DECT is closer to a cellular system than to a classical cordless telephone. However, the
interface to the PSTN or ISDN network remains the same as for PBX or corded
telephone

SATELLITE

20
International Satellite Organizations

INTELSAT (International Telecommunication Satellite Organisation)

EUTELSAT(European Telecommunication Satellite Organization)
INMARSAT(International Maritime Satellite Organization)
Frequency band -C(3.7-4.2GHz), Ku(10.7-12.5GHz)and Ka(18-24GHz)
Orbit
Geostationary Earth Orbit (36000 km) -Intelsat, Eutelsat, Measat, Arabsat
Medium Earth Orbit (10000 km) -IcoGlobal
Low Earth Orbit (700 km) -Orbcomm, Starnet/Iridium, Globalstar, Ellipso(Big LEO)
Highly Elliptical Orbit -Apogee > 30000 km and perigee < 3000 km -HEOS
Polar Orbit -NPOESS
Applications
o Space Research: thermal experiences, microgravity experiences, etc.
o Earth Observation: remote sensing satellites, etc.
o Space Operational Uses: Space Shuttles and Launches
o Air Navigation : air surveillance and satellite positioning (GPS)
o Telecommunications: Telephone, Radio and Television Broadcast
o Personal Communication
o Military
o Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT)
o Broadband Transmission: High speed data transfers

SATELLITE (Orbit and Application)

21

Present Day Mobile Communication

22

The range of mobility was defined by the transmitter

power, type of antenna used and the frequency of

operation.
With the increase in the number of users, accommodating
them within the limited available frequency spectrum
became a major problem.
To resolve this problem, the concept of cellular
communication was evolved.
The present day cellular communication uses a basic unit
called cell.

Present Day Mobile Communication

23

Each cell consists of small hexagonal area with a base station

located at the center of the cell which communicates with the

user.
To accommodate multiple users Time Division multiple
Access (TDMA), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) and their
hybrids are used.
Numerous mobile radio standards have been deployed at
various places such as AMPS, PACS, GSM, NTT, PHS and
IS-95, each utilizing different set of frequencies and
allocating different number of users and channels.

Fundamental Techniques
24

Fundamental Techniques
25

Mobile Station (MS) or subscriber unit communicates to a fixed Base

Station (BS) which in turn communicates to the desired user at the

other end.
The MS consists of transceiver, control circuitry, duplexer and an
antenna.
BS consists of transceiver and channel multiplexer a long with antennas
mounted on the tower.
The BS are also linked to a power source for the transmission of the
radio signals for communication and are connected to a fixed backbone
network.
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) is responsible for switching between
different MSs and between the fixed network (PSTN).

Radio Transmission Techniques

26

Simplex System: Simplex systems utilize simplex

channels i.e., the communication is unidirectional.

The first user can communicate with the second user.
However, the second user cannot communicate with
the first user. One example of such a system is a
pager.

Radio Transmission Techniques

27

Half Duplex System: Half duplex radio systems that use half

duplex radio channels allow for non-simultaneous bidirectional

communication. The first user can communicate with the second
user but the second user can communicate to the first user only
after the first user has finished his conversation.
At a time, the user can only transmit or receive information.
A walkie-talkie is an example of a half duplex system which uses
`push to talk' and `release to listen' type of switches.

Radio Transmission Techniques

28

Full Duplex System: Full duplex systems allow two way

simultaneous communications. Both the users can

communicate to each other simultaneously.
This can be done by providing two simultaneous but
separate channels to both the users.

Radio Transmission Techniques

29

Full Duplex system can be possible by one of the two following methods:
1- Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD): FDD supports two-way radio

communication by using two distinct radio channels.

One frequency channel is transmitted downstream from the BS to the MS
(forward channel).
A second frequency is used in the upstream direction and supports
transmission from the MS to the BS (reverse channel). Because of the
pairing of frequencies, simultaneous transmission in both directions is
possible. To mitigate self-interference between upstream and downstream
transmissions, a minimum amount of frequency separation must be
maintained between the frequency pair.

Radio Transmission Techniques

30

Time Division Duplexing (TDD): TDD uses a single frequency

band to transmit signals in both the downstream and upstream

directions.
TDD operates by toggling transmission directions over a time
interval.
This toggling takes place very rapidly and is imperceptible to the
user.

TDD

FDD