Principles of Plant Design I

Notes
Piping and Instrumentation

Ancient Chinese Philosopher

Confucius
I hear and I forget.
I see and I remember.
I do and I understand.

Ancient Chinese Philosopher

Confucius
I hear and I forget.
I see and I remember.
I do and I understand.
I practice and I perfect

Piping and Instrumentation

Introduction
The P and I Diagram
Valve Selection
Pumps and Compressors
Mechanical Design of Piping Systems
Pipe Size Selection
Control and Instrumentation
4

Introduction
The process flowsheet shows the
arrangement of the major pieces of
equipment and their interconnection. It is a
description of the nature of the process.
The Piping and Instrument diagram (P and I
diagram or PID) shows the engineering
details of the equipment, instruments, piping,
valves, and fittings and their arrangement.
It is often called the Engineering Flowsheet or
Engineering Line Diagram.
5

Introduction
The design of piping systems and the
specification of the process
instrumentation and control systems
are usually done by specialist design
groups

The P and I Diagram

The P and I diagram shows the arrangement of the

process equipment, piping, pumps, instruments,
valves, and other fittings. It should include
1. All process equipment, identified by an
equipment number. The equipment should be
drawn roughly in proportion and the location of
nozzles shown.
2. All pipes, identified by a line number. The pipe
size and material of construction should be
shown. The material may be included as part of
the line identification number.
7

The P and I Diagram

3. All valves, control and block valves, with an

identification number. The type and size should
be shown. The type may be shown by the
symbol used for the valve or included in the
code used for the valve number.
4. Ancillary fittings that are part of the piping
system, such as inline sight-glasses,strainers,
and steam traps, with an identification number.
5. Pumps, identified by a suitable code number.
6. All control loops and instruments, with an
identification number.
8

The P and I Diagram

For simple processes, the utility (service)

lines can be shown on the P and I diagram.
For complex processes, separate diagrams
should be used to show the service lines, so
the information can be shown clearly,
without cluttering up the diagram.
The service connections to each unit
should, however, be shown on the P and I
diagram.

The P and I Diagram

The P and I diagram will resemble

the process flowsheet, but the
process information is not shown.
The same equipment identification
numbers should be used on both
diagrams.

10

Symbols and Layout

The symbols used to show the
equipment, valves, instruments, and
control loops will depend on the
practice of the particular design office.
The equipment symbols are usually
more detailed than those used for the
process flowsheet.
A typical example of a P and I diagram
is shown in next slide.
11

A Typical P&I Diagram

12

Symbols and Layout

International standard symbols for
instruments, controllers, and valves are
given by the Instrumentation Systems and
Automation Society design code ISA-5.11984 (R1992).
Some companies use their own symbols
though, and different standards are
followed in some countries, such as BS
1646 in the UK and DIN 19227 and DIN
2429 in Germany
13

Symbols and Layout

When the diagram is laid out, it is only
necessary to show the relative elevation of
the process connections to the equipment
where they affect the process operation; for
example, the net positive suction head
(NPSH) of pumps, barometric legs, siphons,
and the operation of thermosyphon re-boilers.
Full details of pipe layout are usually shown
in a different drawing, known as a piping
isometric drawing.
14

Piping Isometric Drawing

An isometric drawing for a piping system
is a detailed orthographic drawing.
The isometric drawing represents the
details of the 3D structure of the pipe in
the form of a 2D diagram.
It is the general practice among
engineering organizations to produce
isometric drawings of a piping system to
represent all the details.
15

Piping Isometric Drawing

Development of computer aided
design (CAD) tools allows the piping
system to be modeled in 3D and this
3D model can then be used by the
piping designer to quickly produce
isometric drawings with minimum
interference.

16

Data carried on a typical isometric

drawing
1. Isometric drawings carry a graphical
representation of the 3 dimensional
piping system being represented.
2. Straight lengths of all the pipe runs on
the drawing are reported as clearly as
possible.
3. The line numbers for lines pipe runs
represented on the drawing is clearly
indicated. This line number is indicative
of the fluid service, piping class and
material, insulation etc.

17

A Typical Piping Isometric

Diagram

18

A Typical Piping Isometric

Diagram

19

Data carried on a typical isometric

drawing
4. The operating and design process
conditions (pressure and temperature) for
the pipe run may also be reported on the
isometric.
5. In addition, all the fittings including,
valves, flanges, elbows etc. are clearly
represented graphically.
6. A table gives the number and detailed
description of each type of fittings
represented on the drawing.
7. For complex piping systems, individual 20

Piping Isometric
Upon completion and approval of the piping
isometrics, they are used for fabrication and
then construction of the piping system.
Isometric drawings are easier to be used for
stress analysis of the piping, fabrication and
construction, compared to other orthographic
drawings, since they carry all the necessary
information for these tasks.
Moreover an isometric is not overcrowded with
other information, useless for piping and it is
easy to visualize.
21

Basic Symbols

22

Basic Symbols

23

Basic Symbols

24

Basic Symbols

25

Basic Symbols
The letters C, D, G, M, N, and O are not
defined and can be used for any user
specified property.
The letter S as second or subsequent letter
indicates a switch.
The letter Y as second or subsequent letter
indicates a relay or a compute function.
The letter Z is used for the final control
element when this is not a valve.
26

27

Valve Selection
The valves used for a chemical
process plant can be divided into two
broad classes, depending on their
primary function:
1. Shut-off valves (block valves or
isolation valves), whose purpose is
to close off the flow;
2. Control valves, both manual and
automatic, used to regulate flow.
28

Valve Selection
The main types of valves used are
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Gate Valve
Plug Valve
Ball Valve
Globe Valve
Diaphragm Valve
Butterfly Valve
Nonreturn Valve
29

Valve Selection
Gate Valve

Plug valve

30

Valve Selection
Ball valve

Globe valve

31

Valve Selection
Diaphragm Valve

Butterfly Valve

32

Valve Selection
Nonreturn valves

33

Valve Selection - shut-off

purposes
A valve selected for shut-off
purposes should give a positive seal
in the closed position and minimum
resistance to flow when open. Gate,
plug, and ball valves are most
frequently used for this purpose

34

Valve Selection flow

control
If flow control is required, the valve should
be capable of giving smooth control over
the full range of flow, from fully open to
closed.
Globe valves are normally used, though
diaphragm valves are also common.
Butterfly valves are often used for the
control of gas and vapor flows.
Automatic control valves are usually globe
valves with special trim designs.
35

Valve Selection

36

Pumps and Compressors

37

Mechanical Design of Piping Systems

38

Pipe Size Selection

39

Control and Instrumentation

40

Ancient Chinese Philosopher

Confucius

I
I
I
I

hear and I forget. 0%

see and I remember.
30%
do and I understand. 41% - 48%
practice and I perfect >60%

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