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Lecture Outline
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Chapter 2 Outline
Sizes vary
From 7m (RBC) to 120m (oocyte)
Shapes vary
Flat, cylindrical, oval, and irregular in shape
Figure 2.1
Types of Microscopy
Comparison of the
Three Types of Microscopy
Figure 2.2
Cellular Functions
Covering
Lining
Storage
Movement
Connection
Defense
Communication
Reproduction
Cellular Functions
A Prototypical Cell
2. Cytoplasm
Cellular contents; cytosol, inclusions, and
organelles
3. Nucleus
Control center
Figure 2.3
Plasma Membrane
Also called the cell membrane
An extremely thin outer border on cell
Serves as a selective barrier that
regulates the passage of gases, nutrients,
and wastes between the internal and
external environments of the cell
Figure 2.4
Other Lipids
Cholesterol
Glycolipids
Transport proteins
Plasma membrane structure
Concentration gradient
Ionic charge
Lipid solubility
Molecular size
Active Transport
Passive Transport
Passive Transport
Simple diffusion
Small and/or nonpolar molecules move
down concentration gradient
Examples:
Passive Transport
Osmosis
Diffusion of water
Same principle as simple diffusion
H2O moves from region of higher
concentration to region of lower
concentration
Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusion
For large and/or polar molecules
Requires a specific transport protein that
assists movement across membrane
Bulk filtration
Diffusion of both liquids (solvents) and
dissolved molecules (solutes) across a
plasma membrane
Active Transport
Bulk Transport
Bulk Transport
Exocytosis
Materials secreted out of cell and
packaged into vesicles
Vesicles fuse with plasma membrane
and materials are released
Endocytosis
Opposite of exocytosis
Materials are taken into the cell
packaged into vesicles
Exocytosis
Figure 2.6
Figure 2.7b
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
A viscous, syruplike fluid containing many
different dissolved substances, such as:
Ions
Nutrients
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Other small molecules
Inclusions
Organelles
A division of labor
The type and number of organelles within a cell is a
reflection of the cells function
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Figure 2.8
Smooth ER
Rough ER
Golgi Apparatus
Function to receive proteins and lipids
from the RER for modification, sorting, and
packaging
Stacked cisternae whose lateral edges
bulge, pinch off, and give rise to small
transport and secretory vesicles
Receiving region is the cis-face
Shipping region is the trans-face
Golgi Apparatus
Figure 2.9
Golgi Apparatus
Figure 2.9b
Lysosomes
Vesicles generated by the Golgi apparatus
Contain enzymes used to digest and
remove waste products and damaged
organelles within the cell (autophagy)
When a cell is dying it releases lysosomal
enzymes that digest the cell (autolysis)
Lysosomes
Figure 2.10
Peroxisomes
Vesicles formed by pinching off from the
rough ER; smaller than lysosomes
Use O2 and the enzyme catalase to
detoxify harmful molecules taken into the
cell
Peroxisomes
Figure 2.11
Mitochondria
Bean-shaped organelles with double
membrane
Inner membrane folded into shelf-like cristae
Internal fluid called the matrix
Mitochondria
Figure 2.12
Ribosomes
Comprised of a large and small subunit
Responsible for protein synthesis
Free ribosomes float unattached within
the cytosol
Fixed ribosomes are attached to the
outer surface of rough ER
Ribosomes
Figure 2.13
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
812 nm in diameter
Protein composition varies
Provide structural support and stabilize
junctions between apposed cells
The Cytoskeleton
Figure 2.14
Figure 2.16
Nucleus
Control center for cellular activity
Composed of three major components:
1. Nuclear envelope
2. Nucleoli
3. DNA, chromatin, and chromosomes
Nucleoli
Dark-staining bodies within the nucleus
Composed of RNA, enzymes, and various
proteins
Responsible for making the components
of the small and large units of the
ribosome
Nucleus
Figure 2.17
Interphase
G1 Phase
S Phase
G2 Phase
Figure 2.19
Interphase,
Mitosis, and
Cytokinesis
Figure 2.20a
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Figure 2.19
Prophase
Chromatin supercoils
forming chromosomes
Duplicate, identical sister
chromatids are joined at a
region called the
centromere
Elongated microtubules
called spindle fibers begin
to grow from each centriole
The end of prophase is
marked by the dissolution of
the nuclear envelope
Figure 2.20b
Metaphase
Chromosomes
line up along the
equatorial plate
Spindle fibers
attach to the
centromere of
sister chromatids
and form an oval
structure array
called the mitotic
spindle
Figure 2.20c
Anaphase
Spindle fibers
pull sister
chromatids apart
to opposite ends
of the dividing
cell
Figure 2.20d
Telophase
The nuclear envelope forms
around each set of
chromosomes
Chromosomes begin to
uncoil and the mitotic
spindle disappears
A pinched area, the
cleavage furrow, appears
that will complete
cytoplasmic division
Figure 2.20e