Chapter 6 Estimates and Sample Sizes

ELEMENTARY
STATISTICS
Chapter 6
Estimates and Sample Sizes
MARIO F. TRIOLA
EIGHTH
Chapter 6. Section 6-1 and 6-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley LongmanEDITION
Chapter 6
Estimates and Sample Sizes

6-1
Overview
6-2
Estimating a Population Mean: Large Samples
6-3
Estimating a Population Mean: Small Samples
6-4
Sample Size Required to Estimate
6-5
Estimating a Population Proportion
6-6
Estimating a Population Variance
Chapter 6. Section 6-1 and 6-2. Triola, Elementary Statistics, Eighth Edition. Copyright 2001. Addison Wesley Longman
6-1
Overview
This chapter presents:

methods for estimating population
means, proportions, and variances
methods for determining sample sizes
ELEMENTARY
Section 6-2
STATISTICS
Estimating a Population Mean:
Large Samples
MARIO F. TRIOLA
EIGHTH
6-2
Estimating a Population Mean:
Large Samples
Assumptions
n > 30
The sample must have more than 30 values.
Simple Random Sample

All samples of the same size have an equal chance of
being selected.
Assumptions
n > 30
The sample must have more than 30 values.
Simple Random Sample

All samples of the same size have an equal chance of
being selected.
Data collected carelessly can be

absolutely worthless, even if the sample
is quite large.
Estimator
Definitions
a formula or process for using sample data to estimate

population parameter
Estimate
a specific value or range of values used to
some population parameter
approximate
Point Estimate
a single value (or point) used to approximate a
parameter
population
Estimator
Definitions
a formula or process for using sample data to estimate a population

parameter
Estimate
a specific value or range of values used to
approximate some
Point Estimate
a single value (or point) used to approximate a
The sample mean x is the best point estimate of the

population mean .
Definition
Confidence Interval
(or Interval Estimate)
a range (or an interval) of values used to
estimate the true value of the population
parameter
10
Definition
Confidence Interval
parameter
Lower # < population parameter < Upper #
11
Definition
Confidence Interval
parameter
Lower # < population parameter < Upper #
As an example
Lower # < < Upper #

12
Definition
Degree of Confidence
(level of confidence or confidence coefficient)
the probability 1 - (often expressed as the

equivalent percentage value) that is the relative
frequency of times the confidence interval
actually does contain the population parameter,
assuming that the estimation process is repeated
a large number of times
usually 90%, 95%, or 99%

( = 10%), ( = 5%), ( = 1%)
13
Interpreting a Confidence Interval

98.08 < < 98.32
o
Correct: We are 95% confident that the interval from

98.08 to 98.32 actually does contain the true value of
This means that if we were to select many different

samples of size 106 and construct the confidence
intervals, 95% of them would actually contain the
value of the population mean .
Wrong: There is a 95% chance that the true value of

will fall between 98.08 and 98.32.
14
Confidence Intervals from 20 Different Samples
Figure 6-1
15
16
17
Contoh soal
18
19
Definition
Critical Value
the number on the borderline separating sample
statistics that are likely to occur from those that
are unlikely to occur. The number z/2 is a critical
value that is a z score with the property that it
separates an area /2 in the right tail of the
standard normal distribution.
20
The Critical Value
-z
Figure 6-2
z=0
Found from Table A-2

(corresponds to area of
0.5 - 2 )
21
Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence
22

95%
= 5%
2 = 2.5% = .025
.95
.025
-z2
.025
z2
23

95%
= 5%
2 = 2.5% = .025
.95
.025
.025
z2
-z2
Critical Values
24
25

= 0.05
= 0.025
.4750
.025
Use Table A-2

to find a z score of 1.96
26

= 0.05
= 0.025
.4750
.025
Use Table A-2

to find a z score of 1.96
z2 = 1.96
.025
- 1.96
.025
1.96
27
Definition
Margin of Error
28
Definition
Margin of Error
is the maximum likely difference observed
between sample mean x and true population
mean .
denoted by E
29
Definition
Margin of Error
mean .
denoted by E
x -E
x +E
30
Definition
Margin of Error
mean .
denoted by E
x -E
x +E
x -E < < x +E
31
Definition
Margin of Error
mean .
denoted by E
x -E
x +E
x -E < < x +E
lower limit
upper limit
32
Definition
Margin of Error
E = z/2
x -E
Formula 6-1
x +E
33
Definition
Margin of Error
E = z/2
x -E
x +E
also called the maximum error of the estimate

34
Calculating E When Is Unknown

If n > 30, we can replace in by the
sample standard deviation s.
If n 30, the population must have a
normal distribution and we must know
35
Confidence Interval (or Interval Estimate)

for Population Mean
(Based on Large Samples: n >30)
x -E << x +E
36

for Population Mean
x -E << x +E
=x +E
37

for Population Mean
x -E << x +E
=x +E
(x + E, x - E)
38
Procedure for Constructing a

Confidence Interval for
( Based on a Large Sample:
> 30 )
39

> 30 )
1. Find the critical value z 2 that corresponds to the

desired degree of confidence.
40

> 30 )

2. Evaluate the margin of error E = z2 / n .
If the population standard deviation is
unknown, use the value of the sample standard
deviation s provided that n > 30.
41

> 30 )

3. Find the values of x - E and x + E. Substitute those
values in the general format of the confidence
interval: x - E < < x + E
42

> 30 )

3. Find the values of x - E and x + E. Substitute those
values in the general format of the confidence
interval: x - E < < x + E
4. Round using the confidence intervals roundoff rules.
43
Round-Off Rule for Confidence

Intervals Used to Estimate
1. When using the original set of data, round the
confidence interval limits to one more decimal
than used in original set of data.
place
44
Round-Off Rule for Confidence

Intervals Used to Estimate
1. When using the original set of data, round the
confidence interval limits to one more decimal
place than used in original set of data.
2. When the original set of data is unknown and
only the summary statistics (n, x, s) are used,
round the confidence interval limits to the same
number of decimal places used for the sample
mean.
45
Example:
A study found the body temperatures of 106

healthy adults. The sample mean was 98.2 degrees and the
sample standard deviation was 0.62 degrees. Find the
margin of error E and the 95% confidence interval.
46
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.2o
s = 0.62o
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
z / 2 = 1.96
47
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.20o
s = 0.62o
E = z / = 1.96 0.62
n
106
2
= 0.12
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
z / 2 = 1.96
48
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.20o
s = 0.62o
E = z / = 1.96 0.62
n
106
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
z / 2 = 1.96
= 0.12
x -E << x +E
49
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.20o
s = 0.62o
E = z / = 1.96 0.62
n
106
2
= 0.12
x -E << x +E
< < 98.20 + 0.12
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
98.20o - 0.12
z / 2 = 1.96
50
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.20o
s = 0.62o
E = z / = 1.96 0.62
n
106
2
= 0.12
x -E << x +E
< < 98.20 + 0.12
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
98.20o - 0.12
z / 2 = 1.96
98.08o
<<
98.32o
51
Example:

n = 106
x = 98.20o
s = 0.62o
E = z / = 1.96 0.62
n
106
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
z / 2 = 1.96
= 0.12
x -E << x +E
98.08 < < 98.32
o
Based on the sample provided, the confidence interval for the
population mean is 98.08o <

< 98.32o. If we were to select many
different samples of the same size, 95% of the confidence intervals
would actually contain the population mean .
52
Finding the Point Estimate and E

from a Confidence Interval
Point estimate of :
x = (upper confidence interval limit) + (lower confidence interval limit)

2
53
Finding the Point Estimate and E

from a Confidence Interval
Point estimate of :
x = (upper confidence interval limit) + (lower confidence interval limit)

2
Margin of Error:
E = (upper confidence interval limit) - (lower confidence interval limit)
2
54
Example: Checking Account Balance

A bank vice president is interested in the average checking account
balance for all personal accounts in the affiliate region
A random sample of 500 accounts is selected from the bank
database to compute the average balance of all account
Since this estimate is going to be used in company reports, the
sample mean must be a good approximation of all accounts.
What level of confidence for the mean is the VP going to be
satisfied with? What + interval number is going to be acceptable?
55
ELEMENTARY
Section 6-3
STATISTICS
Estimating a Population Mean: Small Samples
MARIO F. TRIOLA
EIGHTH
56
Small Samples
Assumptions
If 1) n 30
2) The sample is a simple random sample.
3) The sample is from a normally distributed population.
Case 1 ( is known): Largely unrealistic
Case 2 ( is unknown): Use Student t distribution
57
Student t Distribution
If the distribution of a population is
essentially normal, then the distribution of
t =
x-
s
n
58
Student t Distribution
If the distribution of a population is
essentially normal, then the distribution of
t =
x-
s
n
is essentially a Student t Distribution for all

samples of size n.
is used to find critical values denoted by t/ 2

59
Definition
Degrees of Freedom (df )
corresponds to the number of sample values
that can vary after certain restrictions have
imposed on all data values
60
Definition
Degrees of Freedom (df )
df = n - 1
in this section
61
Definition
Degrees of Freedom (df ) = n - 1
n = 10
df = 10 - 1 = 9
so that x = 80
62
Margin of Error E for Estimate of

Based on an Unknown and a Small Simple Random
Sample from a Normally Distributed Population
63
Margin of Error E for Estimate of

Formula 6-2
E = t
s
2
where t/ 2 has n - 1 degrees of freedom
64
Confidence Interval for the

Estimate of E
65

Estimate of E
x-E << x +E
66

Estimate of E
x-E << x +E
where
E = t/2
67

Estimate of E
x-E << x +E
where
E = t/2
68
Table A-3 t Distribution

Degrees
of
freedom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Large (z)
.005
(one tail)
.01
(two tails)
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.500
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.054
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.575
.01
(one tail)
.02
(two tails)
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.625
2.602
2.584
2.567
2.552
2.540
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.327
.025
(one tail)
.05
(two tails)
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.132
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
1.960
.05
(one tail)
.10
(two tails)
.10
(one tail)
.20
(two tails)
.25
(one tail)
.50
(two tails)
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.645
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.320
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.282
1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727
.718
.711
.706
.703
.700
.697
.696
.694
.692
.691
.690
.689
.688
.688
.687
.686
.686
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.675
69
Important Properties of the Student t Distribution

1. The Student t distribution is different for different sample sizes (see Figure
6-5 for the cases n = 3 and n = 12).
2. The Student t distribution has the same general symmetric bell shape as the
normal distribution but it reflects the greater variability (with wider
distributions) that is expected with small samples.
3. The Student t distribution has a mean of t = 0 (just as the standard normal
distribution has a mean of z = 0).
4. The standard deviation of the Student t distribution varies with the sample
size and is greater than 1 (unlike the standard normal distribution, which has
a = 1).
5. As the sample size n gets larger, the Student t distribution gets closer to the
normal distribution. For values of n > 30, the differences are so small that
we can use the critical z values instead of developing a much larger table of
critical t values. (The values in the bottom row of Table A-3 are equal to the
corresponding critical z values from the standard normal distribution.)
70
Student t Distributions for

n = 3 and n = 12
Student t
Standard
normal
distribution
distribution
with n = 12
Student t
distribution
with n = 3
Figure 6-5
71
Using the Normal and t Distribution

Figure 6-6
72
Example:
A study of 12 Dodge Vipers involved in

collisions resulted in repairs averaging $26,227 and a
standard deviation of $15,873. Find the 95% interval
estimate of , the mean repair cost for all Dodge Vipers
involved in collisions. (The 12 cars distribution appears to
be bell-shaped.)
73
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
s = 15,873
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
74
Table A-3 t Distribution

Degrees
of
freedom
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Large (z)
.005
(one tail)
.01
(two tails)
63.657
9.925
5.841
4.604
4.032
3.707
3.500
3.355
3.250
3.169
3.106
3.054
3.012
2.977
2.947
2.921
2.898
2.878
2.861
2.845
2.831
2.819
2.807
2.797
2.787
2.779
2.771
2.763
2.756
2.575
.01
(one tail)
.02
(two tails)
31.821
6.965
4.541
3.747
3.365
3.143
2.998
2.896
2.821
2.764
2.718
2.681
2.650
2.625
2.602
2.584
2.567
2.552
2.540
2.528
2.518
2.508
2.500
2.492
2.485
2.479
2.473
2.467
2.462
2.327
.025
(one tail)
.05
(two tails)
12.706
4.303
3.182
2.776
2.571
2.447
2.365
2.306
2.262
2.228
2.201
2.179
2.160
2.145
2.132
2.120
2.110
2.101
2.093
2.086
2.080
2.074
2.069
2.064
2.060
2.056
2.052
2.048
2.045
1.960
.05
(one tail)
.10
(two tails)
.10
(one tail)
.20
(two tails)
.25
(one tail)
.50
(two tails)
6.314
2.920
2.353
2.132
2.015
1.943
1.895
1.860
1.833
1.812
1.796
1.782
1.771
1.761
1.753
1.746
1.740
1.734
1.729
1.725
1.721
1.717
1.714
1.711
1.708
1.706
1.703
1.701
1.699
1.645
3.078
1.886
1.638
1.533
1.476
1.440
1.415
1.397
1.383
1.372
1.363
1.356
1.350
1.345
1.341
1.337
1.333
1.330
1.328
1.325
1.323
1.321
1.320
1.318
1.316
1.315
1.314
1.313
1.311
1.282
1.000
.816
.765
.741
.727
.718
.711
.706
.703
.700
.697
.696
.694
.692
.691
.690
.689
.688
.688
.687
.686
.686
.685
.685
.684
.684
.684
.683
.683
.675
75
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
= 2 = (2.201)(15,873) = 10,085.29
s = 15,873
12
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
t/2 = 2.201
76
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
= 2 = (2.201)(15,873) = 10,085.3
s = 15,873
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
t/2 = 2.201
x -E <<
12
x +E
77
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
= 2 = (2.201)(15,873) = 10,085.3
s = 15,873
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
t/2 = 2.201
12
x -E << x +E
26,227 - 10,085.3 < < 26,227 + 10,085.3
78
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
= 2 = (2.201)(15,873) = 10,085.3
s = 15,873
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
t/2 = 2.201
12
x -E << x +E
26,227 - 10,085.3 < < 26,227 + 10,085.3
$16,141.7 < < $36,312.3
79
Example:

be
x =bell-shaped.)
26,227
= 2 = (2.201)(15,873) = 10,085.3
s = 15,873
= 0.05
/2 = 0.025
t/2 = 2.201
12
x -E << x +E
26,227 - 10,085.3 < < 26,227 + 10,085.3
$16,141.7 < < $36,312.3
We are 95% confident that this interval contains the average cost of
repairing a Dodge Viper.
80
ELEMENTARY
STATISTICS
Section 6-4 Determining Sample Size Required to Estimate
MARIO F. TRIOLA
EIGHTH
81
Sample Size for Estimating Mean
82
= z/ 2 n
83
E = z / 2 n
(solve for n by algebra)
84
E = z/ 2 n
=
n
z/ 2
Formula 6-3
85
E = z/ 2 n
n=
z/ 2
Formula 6-3
z/2 = critical z score based on the desired degree of confidence

E = desired margin of error
= population standard deviation

86
Round-Off Rule for Sample Size n
87

When finding the sample size n, if the use
of Formula 6-3 does not result in a whole
number, always increase the value of n to
the next larger whole number.
88

When finding the sample size n, if the use
of Formula 6-3 does not result in a whole
number, always increase the value of n to
the next larger whole number.
n = 216.09 = 217 (rounded up)
89
Example:
If we want to estimate the mean weight of

plastic discarded by households in one week, how many
households must be randomly selected to be 99%
confident that the sample mean is within 0.25 lb of the true
population mean? (A previous study indicates the
standard deviation is 1.065 lb.)
90
Example:

= 0.01
z = 2.575
E = 0.25
s = 1.065
91
Example:

2
2
= 0.01
z = 2.575
n = z
E
= (2.575)(1.065)
0.25
E = 0.25
s = 1.065
92
Example:

2
2
= 0.01
z = 2.575
E = 0.25
s = 1.065
n = z
E
= (2.575)(1.065)
0.25
= 120.3 = 121 households
93
Example:

2
2
= 0.01
z = 2.575
E = 0.25
s = 1.065
n = z = (2.575)(1.065)
E
0.25

If n is not a whole number, round it up
to the next higher whole number.
94
Example:

2
2
= 0.01
z = 2.575
E = 0.25
s = 1.065
n = z
E
= (2.575)(1.065)
0.25
We would need to randomly select 121 households and

obtain the average weight of plastic discarded in one
week. We would be 99% confident that this mean is within
1/4 lb of the population mean.
95
What if is Not Known ?

1. Use the range rule of thumb to estimate the
standard deviation as follows: range
96

standard deviation as follows: range
2. Conduct a pilot study by starting the sampling

process. Based on the first collection of at least
31 randomly selected sample values, calculate the
sample standard deviation s and use it in place of
. That value can be refined as more sample data
are obtained.
97

deviation as follows: range
standard
2. Conduct a pilot study by starting the sampling process.

Based on the first collection of at least 31 randomly
selected sample values, calculate the sample standard
deviation s and use it in place of . That value can be
refined as more sample data are obtained.
3. Estimate the value of by using the results of some other
study that was done earlier.
98
What happens when E is doubled ?
99

E=1:
n=
z/ 2
1
(z
/ 2
100

z/ 2
E=1:
n=
E=2:
z

n= 2
=
/ 2
(z )
/ 2
(z
/ 2
Sample size n is decreased to 1/4 of its

original value if E is doubled.
Larger errors allow smaller samples.
Smaller errors require larger samples.
101
102
ELEMENTARY
STATISTICS
Section 6-6Estimating a Population Variance
MARIO F. TRIOLA
EIGHTH
103
Assumptions
1. The sample is a simple random sample.
2. The population must have normally
distributed values (even if the sample is
large).
104
Chi-Square Distribution
105
Chi-Square Distribution
X =
2
(n - 1) s 2
Formula 6-7
where
n = sample size
s 2 = sample variance
2 = population variance
106
Properties of the Distribution of

the Chi-Square Statistic
1. The chi-square distribution is not symmetric, unlike
the normal and Student t distributions.
107

1. The chi-square distribution is not symmetric, unlike the normal
and Student t distributions.
Not symmetric
All values are nonnegative
x2
Figure 6-7 Chi-Square Distribution

108

1. The chi-square distribution is not symmetric, unlike
the normal and Student t distributions.
As the number of degrees of freedom increases, the
distribution becomes more symmetric. (continued)
df = 10
Not symmetric
df = 20
All values are nonnegative
Figure 6-7 Chi-Square Distribution
x2
0
5 10
15 20
25 30 35 40 45
Figure 6-8 Chi-Square Distribution for df = 10

and df = 20
109

(continued)
2. The values of chi-square can be zero or positive, but they

cannot be negative.
3. The chi-square distribution is different for each number of
degrees of freedom, which is df = n - 1
in this section.
As the number increases, the chi- square distribution
approaches a normal distribution.
In Table A-4, each critical value of X2 corresponds to an area
given in the top row of the table, and that area represents
the total region located to the right of the critical value.
110
Degrees of
freedom
Chi-Square (x2) Distribution
Table A-4
Area to the Right of the Critical Value
0.995
0.99
0.975
0.95
0.90
0.10
0.05
0.025
0.01
1
2
3
4
5
_
0.010
0.072
0.207
0.412
_
0.020
0.115
0.297
0.554
0.001
0.051
0.216
0.484
0.831
0.004
0.103
0.352
0.711
1.145
0.016
0.211
0.584
1.064
1.610
2.706
4.605
6.251
7.779
9.236
3.841
5.991
7.815
9.488
11.071
5.024
7.378
9.348
11.143
12.833
6.635
9.210
11.345
13.277
15.086
7.879
10.597
12.838
14.860
16.750
6
7
8
9
10
0.676
0.989
1.344
1.735
2.156
0.872
1.239
1.646
2.088
2.558
1.237
1.690
2.180
2.700
3.247
1.635
2.167
2.733
3.325
3.940
2.204
2.833
3.490
4.168
4.865
10.645
12.017
13.362
14.684
15.987
12.592
14.067
15.507
16.919
18.307
14.449
16.013
17.535
19.023
20.483
16.812
18.475
20.090
21.666
23.209
18.548
20.278
21.955
23.589
25.188
11
12
13
14
15
2.603
3.074
3.565
4.075
4.601
3.053
3.571
4.107
4.660
5.229
3.816
4.404
5.009
5.629
6.262
4.575
5.226
5.892
6.571
7.261
5.578
6.304
7.042
7.790
8.547
17.275
18.549
19.812
21.064
22.307
19.675
21.026
22.362
23.685
24.996
21.920
23.337
24.736
26.119
27.488
24.725
26.217
27.688
29.141
30.578
26.757
28.299
29.819
31.319
32.801
16
17
18
19
20
5.142
5.697
6.265
6.844
7.434
5.812
6.408
7.015
7.633
8.260
6.908
7.564
8.231
8.907
9.591
7.962
8.672
9.390
10.117
10.851
9.312
10.085
10.865
11.651
12.443
23.542
24.769
25.989
27.204
28.412
26.296
27.587
28.869
30.144
31.410
28.845
30.191
31.526
32.852
34.170
32.000
33.409
34.805
36.191
37.566
34.267
35.718
37.156
38.582
39.997
21
22
23
24
25
8.034
8.643
9.260
9.886
10.520
8.897
9.542
10.196
10.856
11.524
10.283
10.982
11.689
12.401
13.120
11.591
12.338
13.091
13.848
14.611
13.240
14.042
14.848
15.659
16.473
29.615
30.813
32.007
33.196
34.382
32.671
33.924
35.172
36.415
37.652
35.479
36.781
38.076
39.364
40.646
38.932
40.289
41.638
42.980
44.314
41.401
42.796
44.181
45.559
46.928
26
27
28
29
30
11.160
11.808
12.461
13.121
13.787
12.198
12.879
13.565
14.257
14.954
13.844
14.573
15.308
16.047
16.791
15.379
16.151
16.928
17.708
18.493
17.292
18.114
18.939
19.768
20.599
35.563
36.741
37.916
39.087
40.256
38.885
40.113
41.337
42.557
43.773
41.923
43.194
44.461
45.722
46.979
45.642
46.963
48.278
49.588
50.892
48.290
49.645
50.993
52.336
53.672
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
20.707
27.991
35.534
43.275
51.172
59.196
67.328
22.164
29.707
37.485
45.442
53.540
61.754
70.065
24.433
32.357
40.482
48.758
57.153
65.647
74.222
26.509
34.764
43.188
51.739
60.391
69.126
77.929
29.051
37.689
46.459
55.329
64.278
73.291
82.358
51.805
63.167
74.397
85.527
96.578
107.565
118.498
55.758
67.505
79.082
90.531
101.879
113.145
124.342
59.342
71.420
83.298
95.023
106.629
118.136
129.561
63.691
76.154
88.379
100.425
112.329
124.116
135.807
66.766
79.490
91.952
104.215
116.321
128.299
140.169
0.005
111
Critical Values: Table A-4

Areas to the right of each tail
0.975
0.025
0.025
0.025
XL2 = 2.700
X2
(df = 9)
XR = 19.023
112
Estimators of
The sample variance s is the best

point estimate of the population
variance .
2
113

Population Variance
2
114

Population Variance
2
(n - 1)s 22
(n - 1)s 2
2
L
115

Population Variance
2
(n - 1)s 2
Right-tail CV
(n - 1)s 2
2
L
116

Population Variance
2
(n - 1)s 2
Right-tail CV
2
R
(n - 1)s 2
2
L
Left-tail CV
117

Population Variance
2
2
(n - 1)s
2
Right-tail CV
(n - 1)s 2
2
L
Left-tail CV
Confidence Interval for the Population Standard Deviation
(n - 1)s 2
2
R
(n - 1)s 2
2
L
118
Roundoff Rule for Confidence Interval

Estimates of or 2
1. When using the original set of data to construct a
confidence interval, round the confidence interval
limits to one more decimal place than is used for
the original set of data.
2. When the original set of data is unknown and
only the summary statistics (n, s) are used, round
the confidence interval limits to the same number
of decimals places used for the sample standard
deviation or variance.
119
Table 6-3
Determining Sample Size
120
Table 6-3
Determining Sample Size
Sample Size for 2

To be 95% confident
that s2 is within
1%
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
To be 95% confident
that s2 is within
1%
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
of the value of 2 , the sample

size n should be at least
77,207
3,148
805
210
97
56
57
of the value of 2 , the sample
133,448
5,457
1,401
368
171
100
67
Sample Size for

To be 95% confident
that s is within
1%
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
To be 95% confident
that s is within
1%
5%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
of the value of , the sample

19,204
767
191
47
20
11
7
of the value of , the sample
33,218
1,335
335
84
37
21
13
121

Chapter 6 Estimates and Sample Sizes

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Chapter 6 Estimates and Sample Sizes

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ELEMENTARY

Estimates and Sample Sizes

Estimates and Sample Sizes

Estimating a Population Mean: Large Samples

Estimating a Population Mean: Small Samples

Sample Size Required to Estimate

Estimating a Population Proportion

Estimating a Population Variance

This chapter presents:

Simple Random Sample

Simple Random Sample

Data collected carelessly can be

a formula or process for using sample data to estimate

a formula or process for using sample data to estimate a population

The sample mean x is the best point estimate of the

Lower # < < Upper #

(level of confidence or confidence coefficient)

the probability 1 - (often expressed as the

usually 90%, 95%, or 99%

Interpreting a Confidence Interval

Correct: We are 95% confident that the interval from

This means that if we were to select many different

Wrong: There is a 95% chance that the true value of

Confidence Intervals from 20 Different Samples

The Critical Value

Found from Table A-2

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Use Table A-2

Finding z2 for 95% Degree of Confidence

Use Table A-2

also called the maximum error of the estimate

Calculating E When Is Unknown

Confidence Interval (or Interval Estimate)

Confidence Interval (or Interval Estimate)

Confidence Interval (or Interval Estimate)

Procedure for Constructing a

Procedure for Constructing a

1. Find the critical value z 2 that corresponds to the

Procedure for Constructing a

1. Find the critical value z 2 that corresponds to the

Procedure for Constructing a

1. Find the critical value z 2 that corresponds to the

Procedure for Constructing a

1. Find the critical value z 2 that corresponds to the

Round-Off Rule for Confidence

Round-Off Rule for Confidence

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

A study found the body temperatures of 106

Based on the sample provided, the confidence interval for the

population mean is 98.08o <

Finding the Point Estimate and E

x = (upper confidence interval limit) + (lower confidence interval limit)

Finding the Point Estimate and E

x = (upper confidence interval limit) + (lower confidence interval limit)