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Drainage And Slope

Protection

Drainage
It

is defined as the means of collecting,


transporting and disposing of surface water.

Surface drainage problems follow two


basic considerations:

Hydraulic

design estimates the highest rate of runof


- selects the most economical kinds and sizes of
drainage facilities.
Erosion Control asserts design that will not create
erosion or other unacceptable environmental conditions.

Hydrology
Is

the branch of physical geography that deals


with water of the Earth.

Significance of Hydrology to Highway


Engineers
The

frequency and intensity of precipitation.


The frequencies that this precipitation brings the
highest run-of which are equal or exceeded
critical values.
The distribution of precipitation throughout the
seasons that influences water behavior afecting
the highway surfaces.
The prediction regarding future rainfalls or runof
from gathered statistical approaches, formula, or
simulated methods based on the laws of

Cardinal Rules on Drainage


Design
As

much as possible, any existing drainage


system patterns and soil cover should not be
disturbed.

Necessary

changes in the drainage pattern


should not in any manner bring velocities
that may create new erosion problems.

Drainage Economic
Considerations
Determine

the estimated initial investment cost.


Consider the maintenance or outlay.
Consider the anticipated loss and damage for
each solution.

Draining the Highway


Rainwater

flows laterally or obliquely on the


surface of the road pavement.
If the water flow is controlled then the shoulder is
in danger of erosion.

Draining the Urban Street


Rational

Formula: Q=clAd

Where:
Q=quantity of runof in cubic foot per second.
c=runof coefficient expressing the ratio or rate
of runof to the
rate of rainfall.
l=intensity of rainfall in inches per hour for a
duration equal to
the time of concentration.
Ad=drainage area in hectares.

Manhole

Material Requirements
Concrete

Trench

Backfill Material

Clay

or Shale Brick

Mortar

for Manhole

Reinforcing

Ladder

Pipe

Steel

Rungs

Collar for Valve

Types of Manhole
SHALLOW
MANHOLE

NORMAL
MANHOLE

DEEP MANHOLE

CHANNEL

The purpose of
designing
a
channel
is
to
CHANNEL
determine
the
cross section of
the canal that will
accommodate
water
flow
smoothly
and
cheapest
to
construct
and
maintain.


Side

slope with a ratio of 2:1 or even flatter is most


acceptable, except on rock or other hard material.
In designing stream channel and culverts are based on
the principle of flow of an open canal which is expressed
in the Manning Formula:
Q=VA
=
Q = quantity of discharge m/s
R = Hydraulic radius in meter
A = Area of the flow cross section in square meter
S = Slope of channel
N = Manning roughness coefficient

Various channel problems


distinctions:
a. Water flowing down a mild slope in an open
canal is Sub-critical flow.

b. Water flowing on steep slope is in Super


critical flow.

CULVERT
Except the
storm drain,
culvert
includes all
closed conduits
with standard
designs
repeatedly
used.

CULVERT
The culvert is loaded
vertically by wheel load of
vehicles, the earth filling and
earth pressure.
Magnitude of these loads
depends on:
a. Depth of cover
b. Nature and density of
overlapping and adjacent
soils
c. Trench width and depth
d. Deformation of the pipe
under load
e. Field construction
procedures

CONDUITS
It is a channel
for conveying
water or other
fluid.
It is also a tube
or trough for
protecting
electric wiring.

Backfilling

To refill (an
excavated hole)
with the material
dug out of it.

Design of underdrain
Underdrain

is categorized under Item 501 of DPWH


Standard Specifications, which provides that:

This item shall consist of constructing underdrain,


using pipes and granular filter material underdrain pipe
outlets and blind drains using granular material in
accordance with the specifications and in reasonably
close conformity with the lines and grades shown on the
plans or as established by the engineer.

Debris Control
Flood

waters usually carries objectionable objects


like brushes, banana trunks, tree branches, etc.
These floating debris clogs culvert entrances and
raise the head water elevation over flowing the
road and damaging adjoining properties

Roadway Design and Construction for


Unusual Soil Condition
The

stability of fill sand slope


The drainage
Capillarity and frost heave
Permafrost
Elasticity and rutting

Stabilizing the Unsupported


Slope
Changes

in natural conditions
Changes induced by man

Slide
It

refers to the occurrence where the moving mass


is defined and separated from the underlying and
adjacent earth by plane, comprising a number of
adjacent planes were seepage results.

Four Classifications of Slides


Rotational

Slide
Translational Slide
Block or wedge failure
Flows and spread

Improving the Stability of Slope


Procedures

adopted in the past in stabilizing

slopes:
Flattening of slope

Constructing structural elements

Drainage
Densification of cohesionless soils
Consolidation of soil
Grouting and injecting methods
Sheet piles and retaining walls

Retaining Wall
Retaining

walls are
structures designed to
restrain soil to unnatural
slopes.

good retaining wall design requires:

Resisting the internal shear and bending moments


The wall must be safe against overturning
The wall must be safe against sliding
The bearing capacity to not be exceeded

Riprap and Grouted Riprap


Riprap,

also known as rip


rap, rip-rap, shot rock,
rock armour or rubble, is
rock or other material
used to armor shorelines,
streambeds, bridge
abutments, pilings and
other shoreline structures
against scour and water
or ice erosion.

Grouting
Grout

is a particularly fluid form of concrete used


to fill gaps.

Item 504 Rip Rap and Grouted


Rip Rap
Class

of Stone for Ripraping


Class A : 15 25 Kg
Class B : 30 70 Kg
Class C : 60 100 Kg
Class D : 100 200 Kg

Weeping Holes
A

weep hole is a small opening in the brick or


stone mortar joint that is designed to allow water
to "weep" from behind the wall.

Sheet Piles
Sheet

piling is an earth retention and excavation


support technique that retains soil, using steel
sheet sections with interlocking edges.

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