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DTS SLIDES

HTTC - VM
PREPARED BY
V.V.R.R.SANKAR, SDE ( OFC-OD)
9490110190

What is meant by E1
E1 is 2Mbps ( ETSI Std) and T1 is Mbps1.544

Mbps ( ANSI std).


In A law companding no of channels are 32.
Voice Band is from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz.
Band width is 4 Khz. Sampling frequency is 8 Khz.
No of Bits used for PCM are 8.The A law
companding technique used
E1 = 2MBps = 8000 x 8 x 32 channels = 2.048 Mbps
or 2 Mbps.

Capacities of E1,E2,E3,E4
E1 means 2 Mbps.
E2 means 8 Mbps.
E3 means 34 Mbps.
E4 means 140 Mbps.

DDF
DDF means Digital Distribution Frame.
In general 2 types of DDFs are used in BSNL.
120 Ohms DDF for

2Mbps.( E1)
75 Ohms DDF for more than 2Mbps (> E1).

75 Ohms DDF
The metal plate of 8/34 Mb DDF module (75W) have

16 COAX receptacles namely A1-A8 & B1-B8.


When the U link is placed across A1-B1, it connects
the circuit thru by connecting I/C and O/G cables.
For self loop the U link is connected between A1-A2
or B1-B2.
The incoming and outgoing circuit are connected
through RG59 cable .
For monitoring of circuit, the U link is removed and
incoming and outgoing circuits are tested separately

120 Ohms DDF


The 2Mb module (120W) is a PCB based connecting

pannel. The PCB used have 16 pin header or wire


wrapping Tag blocks namely TB1 - TB8.
The incoming circuit through 10 pairs/16pairs HF
screen cable of suitable type, are terminated on TB1,
TB3, TB5, TB7. The outgoing circuits are taken thru
TB2, TB4, TB6, TB8.
There is a Plug and Jack arrangement between TB1TB2, TB3-TB4, TB5-TB6, TB7-TB8 which are used
for Isolation/testing and thru circuit testing.

Balanced lines
In telecommunications a balanced

line or balanced signal pair is a transmission line


consisting of two conductors of the same type, each
of which have equal impedances along their lengths
and equal impedances to ground and to other
circuits Examples are twin-lead, used for radio
frequency signals and twisted pair, used for lower
frequencies.

Unbalanced Lines
The unbalanced lines, such as coaxial cable, which is

designed to have its return conductor connected to


ground, or circuits whose return conductor actually
is ground.

BALUN
Balanced and unbalanced circuits can be

interconnected using a transformer called a balun.


A balun is the interface connecting a 75 ohm coaxial
cable with a shielded twisted pair cable.

STP ( Shielded Twisted Pair )

UTP ( Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Copper Coaxial cable

Categ Impe
ory dance
RG59
RG58
RG11

Use

75

Cable
TV

50

Thin
Etherne
t

50

Thick
Etherne
t

CAT 5 cable characteristics


CAT 5 Cable characteristics
100 MHz Bandwidth
24.0 dB Attenuation
100 ohms Impedance
Used for high-speed data transmission
Used in 10BaseT (10 Mbps) Ethernet & Fast
Ethernet (100 Mbps)

CAT 5e cable characteristics


150 MHz Bandwidth
24.0 dB Attenuation
100 ohms Impedance
Transmits high-speed data
Used in Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps), Gigabit
Ethernet (1000 Mbps) & 155 Mbps ATM

CAT 6 cable characetristics


250 MHz Bandwidth
19.8 dB Attenuation
100 ohms Impedance
Transmits high-speed data
Used in Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps) & 10
Gig Ethernet (10000 Mbps)

CAT 5 cable (straight through)


A standard (straight through) cable should be used

when connecting hardware to a computer through an


Ethernet hub or switc

CAT 5 Cable ( cross over )


crossover cable should be used when connecting

hardware directly to a computer

PIJF UG Cables

Color coding
Color coding

Primary
colors

Secondary
colors

1. White
2. Red
3. Black
4. Yellow.

1.Blue
2. Orange
3. Green
4. Brown
5. Slate
/Gray .

Various types of U/G cables


5 pair cable

1 x 5 pair

10 Pair cable

1 x 10 pair

20 pair cable

1 x 20 pair

50 pair cable

5 x 10 pair

100 pair cable

5 x 20 pair

200 pair cable

4 x 50 pair

400 pair cable

2 x 50 pair + 6 x 50 pair

800 pair cable

2 x100 pair+ 6 x 100 pair

LAYERS OF UNITS IN PIJF

Use of U/G cables


Gauges 0.32 mm and 0.44 mm for primary cable.
Gauges 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm for secondary cable.
Gauge 0.5 mm and 0.63 mm for distribution cable.
Gauges 0.63 mm and 0.9 mm for distribution cable.
Higher gauges of cable for distribution side having

longer lengths.

Coaxial cable specifications


Number of cores i.e. either 2 core or 4 core
Size of the inner diameter of tube - r i.e. 0.375 type

( large tube 0.375 ) or 0.174 type (small tube


0.174).
The interstice Quads or pairs having diameter of

0.9mm

Wave Guide, feeder cable and Jumper cable


Feeder cable used in BSNL are coaxial foam type.

For Feeding energy from RF Transmitter to


Antenna or Antenna to RF receiver.
Jumper cables are used for end termination.
Wave Guides are used at Microwave frequencies. (1
Ghz to 18 Ghz ).

Antennas
Antenna serves as a link between the transmitter

and receiver. Various types of antennas are


Marconi antenna ( /4 antenna or Grounded
antenna)
Half wave dipole (/2 antenna or Hertz antenna),
Yagi Antenna ( Parasitic array ) ,
Loop antenna ,
Arrays ( Broad side array , End Fire array ) ,
Parabolic Reflector antenna and Lens antenna.

PATCH Antenna
A microstrip or patch antenna is a lowprofile antenna it is

light weight, inexpensive, and easy to integrate with


acompanying electronics.
the elements are usually flat
hence their other name, planar antennas.
Note that a planar antenna is not always a patch antenna.

YAGI ANTENNA
A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna, is a

directional antennaconsisting of a driven element (typically a dipole or


folded dipole) and additional parasitic elements (usually a socalled reflector and one or more directors).
It is used for VHF .

Grid Pack Antenna


These antennas are ideal for point to point systems,

point to multi-point and wireless bridges

PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
Parabolic reflector is high directive gain . If it is used

as TX antenna it converts plane wave front into circular


wave front and when it is used as RX antenna it
converts circular wave front into Plane wave front.
The Imp relations in Parabolic reflector.
Beam width between Half power points = 70 / D.
Beam width between Nulls is twice the beam width
between Half power points = 140 / D.
Power gain of Parabolic reflector is equal to Ap = 6
( D/ ) 2.

PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

Various feeds used for Parabolic reflectors.

GSM ANTENNA

GSM 900 and 1800


GSM 900
up: 890~915MHz
down: 935~960MHz
duplex interval: 45MHz
bandwidth: 25MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz
GSM1800 :
up: 1710-1785MHz
down: 1805-1880MHz
duplex interval: 95MHz
working bandwidth: 75MHz
frequency interval: 200KHz

Some practical Points in Antenna


Patch panel antenna Gain is 0 dbi.
Yagi Antenna is VHF antenna.
Parabolic Reflector is used for Point to Point communication.
UMTS ( GSM ) antenna Gain is 17 dbi.
Casegrain feed for Parabolic reflector is used for satellite communication.
Tilting of antenna is done is two ways 1. Electrical method and 2. Mechanical method.
HPBW 45 degrees is used for High ways for coverage upto 10 Km.
HPBW 65 degrees is used for Cities and towns upto 5 Km
HPBW 90 degrees is used for Villages for the coverage of 3 Km.

OF CABLE COMPONENTS
OF cable diagaram
CORE

CLADDING
-

SILICON COATING
BUFFER JACKET
STRENGTH MEMBER

BLACK POLYETHANE INNER JACKET


OF CABLE

ORANGE NYLON OUTER JACKET


ALTTC

TX-I

35

MAIN COMPONENTS
SIECOR
OUTER JACKET (NYLON)
INNER SHEATH
A
A

KEVLAR & BINDER

A
A

BUFFER TUBES
FIBER
CENTRAL
STRENGTH MEMBER

FILLERS (SOLID) PVC / CELLULOSE

OF CABLE

ALTTC

TX-I

36

Applications of OF cables
Non Metallic Loose buffer Tube for out door

applications with duct.


Armored loose buffer tube for Out door
application without duct.
Tight buffer Cable for Indoor applications
Aerial cable for Hilly terrain.

Types of OF cables
1. 6F OF cable.
2. 12 F OF cable.
3. 24F OF cable.
4. 48 F OAN cable.
5. 96F OAN cable.
6. 288 F OAN cable.

96F OAN cable


It is of ribbon cable. It Contains 4 buffers . Each buffer contains 2 Ribbons.Each

Ribbon contains 12Fibers.


Color code of 12 Fibers.
1. Blue,
2. Orange ,
3.Green ,
4. Brown,
5. Slate( Gray),
6. White,
7. Red,
8. Black,
9. Yellow,
10. Violet,
11. Purple,
12. Natural.

Write down the different Component of DDF?


120 ohm cable Tag Blocks ( for 2 mbps)
75 ohm cable Tag Blocks ( for > 2 mbps)
U-links ( for connecting equipment side and

exchange side).
10 pair / 16 Pair screen cable.
RG59 coaxial cable for 75 Ohms DDF.
PCB blocks in 120 Ohms DDF.
Metallic connectors in 75 Ohms FDF.

CAT-5/CAT-6 Cables and Connectors and uses?


CAT 5 cable for LAN connectivity, coverage is

about 100 meter, contains twisted pairs.


CAT 6 cable for LAN connectivity, coverage is more
than 100 meter, reduces the cross talk, separator
between pairs, support high bit rate.

different types of Copper Cable used for local


loop
Gauges 0.32 mm and 0.44 mm for primary cable.
Gauges 0.4 mm and 0.5 mm for secondary cable.
Gauge 0.5 mm and 0.63 mm for distribution cable.
Gauges 0.63 mm and 0.9 mm for distribution cable.
Higher gauges of cable for distribution side having

longer lengths.

Communication?

Feeder Cable. ( 5/8 inches Coaxial foam type).


Jumper cable. ( inches for end connectivity)
Wave Guide. ( for Microwave Systems ).

different types of Antenna used for transmission?


Yagi antenna ( VHF antenna )
Grid-pack antenna ( Point to point and point to

multi point )
Parabola antenna ( Point to point )
Cassegrain off set antenna ( satellite
communication ).

Types of Optical Fiber Cables?


Non-metallic Loose buffer
tube cable
Armored OFC Loose buffer
tube cable
Tight buffer tube cable

Outdoor application with


duct
Outdoor application direct
buried
Indoor applications

Arial Cable

For hilly terrain

Ribbon type structure cable

Used for high count fiber


requirement

Uni-tube OFC Loose buffer


tube cable

Outdoor application with


duct

FDF
46

FDF means Fiber distribution frame.


Types of Buffers used in OF are Loose tube and

Tight tube buffers.


Loose tube buffers are used for Out door
applaications .
Tight tube buffers are used in Indoor applications.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

(FDF ) Fiber distribution Frame.


47

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

FDF , FDMSS and TJB


48

FDF means Fiber distribution Frame.


FDMSS means Fiber distribution management sub

system.
For 24F , 12F, 6F fibers we use FDF.
For 48F, 96F , 288 F ( Ribbon cables) we use
FDMSS.
The OF cable from Outside world is terminated in
exchange in TJB.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Pigtails and Patch cards


49

Pig tails and patch cards are tight tube buffers.


One end of the pig tails are spliced in TJB and

other end is connected to FDF/ FDMSS.


From FDF/FDMSS The tight tube buffers used
are known as Patch cards.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Various types of Patch cards wrt Connectors.


50

1. FC PC. ( PDH systems )


2. FC- LC. ( CPE/ SDH systems ).
3. FC SC. ( FTTH ) .
FC means .ferrule connect
PC means . Physical connect
LC means . Luscent connect.
SC means .Square connect.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Concepts of FDM & TDM


51

There are basically two types of multiplexing techniques

i. Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

ii Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

In analogue system, multiplex equipment uses


F.D.M. to assemble individual channels into
groups, super group etc. Similarly, in digital
systems, hierarchical levels have been defined
using T.D.M. and are identified by their digit rate
measured in No. of bits/sec.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

FDM
52

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

FDM Priciple
53

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

TDM
54

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

19

TDM
55

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

19

TDM Principle
56

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Synchronization & Signaling in PCM


57

In PCM System, a frame of 125 microseconds duration has

32 time slots. These slots are numbered Ts 0 to Ts 31.


Information for providing synchronization between trans
and receive ends is passed through a separate time slot.
Usually the slot Ts 0 caries the synchronization signals.
This slot is also called Frame Alignment Word (FAW).
The FAW is transmitted in the Ts 0 of every alternate frame.
Frames which do not contain the FAW, are used for
transmitting supervisory and alarm signals.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Synchronization & Signaling in PCM


58

The signaling information is transmitted through time slot Ts

16.
Ts 1 to Ts 15 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 1 to
15 respectively.
Ts 17 to Ts 31 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 16
to 30 respectively.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Pulse Code Modulation System contd..


59

The time slot

16 of each frame carries the


signaling data corresponding to two VF channels only.
Therefore, to cater for 30 channels, we must transmit 15
frames, each having 125 microseconds duration. For
carrying synchronization data for all frames, one
additional frame is used.
Thus a group of 16 frames (each of 125 microseconds) is
formed to make a "multiframe". The duration of a
multiframe is 2 milliseconds.
The multiframe has 16 major time slots of 125
microseconds duration. Each of these (slots) frames has
32 time slots carrying the encoded samples of all channels
plus the signaling and synchronization data.

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

Pulse Code Modulation System contd..


60

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(PDH)

PDH BIT RATES


E1-2048 Kbps (2Mb) [30 Voice Channel]
E2-8448 Kbps (8Mb) [120 Voice Channel]
E3-34368 Kbps (34Mb) [480 Voice Channel]
E4-139264 Kbps (140Mb) [1920 Voice Channel]

PDH HIERARCHY

PDH PRODUCTS
MULTIPLEXERS:
M12 MUX:4E1 Streams Multiplexed to One E2
M23 MUX:4E2 Streams Multiplexed to One E3
M34 MUX:4E3 Streams Multiplexed to One E4

PDH PRODUCTS Contd


OPTICAL:
OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)-8Mb,
34Mb, 140Mb.
OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT34 Mb,140Mb.
OPTIMUX:
SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND OLTE

8mbps system description


This 2nd order digital multiplex equipment using positive justification is

intended for use on digital paths using 2048 kbit/s primary multiplex
equipments.
Bit rates : The nominal bit rate should be 8448 kbit/s. The tolerance on
this rate should be +30 PPM.
Code : HDB3.
Frame length is .
The Op of 8 Mb system is 4 E1s.

34 Mb system.
Bit rates :
The nominal bit rate should be 34368 kbit/s.

The tolerance on the rate should be + 20 PPM


Positive Justification.
Code : HDB3.
Frame length is 1536 bits.
No of E1s from the system are 16.

140 Mb system
Bit rates :
The nominal bit rate should be 139264 kb/s. The

tolerance on the rate should be +15 PPM.


Code : CMI.
Negative Justification.
Frame length is 2928 bits.
No of E1s from the system are 63.

LIMITATIONS IN PDH
Different Standards
Systems operates in its own Clock
Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making Inter-

Operas Ability of System Between Different


Vendors
Not Transparent
Protection Schemes are not available
Ring, Hub Configuration not possible

SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(SDH)

WHY SDH?
High Transmission Rates
Simplified Add & Drop Function
High Availability and Capacity Matching
Reliability
Future Proof Platform for New Services
Interconnection

SDH-Introduction

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy).

Is an international standard for high speed telecommunication over


optical/electrical networks ,can transport digital signals.
SYNCHRONOUS :
ONE MASTER CLOCK & ALL ELEMENTS SYNCHRONISE WITH IT.
DIGITAL:
INFORMATION IN BINARY.
HIERARCHY:
SET OF BIT RATES IN A HIERARCHIAL ORDER

09/26/16

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

SDH-Introduction Cont.
ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR

TRANSMISSION OF SYNCHRONOUS SIGNALS


BEGAN IN U.S. AT THE BEGINNING OF 1984, BY
ANSI ACCREDITED T1X1 COMMITTEE.

IN 1985 SONET ( STANDARD OPTICAL

NETWORK)WAS BORN.

CCITT PROPOSED CHANGES TO T1X1

COMMITTEE IN 1986 TO ACCOMMODATE BOTH


AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN HIERARCHIES.

FINAL AGREEMENT WAS REACHED IN 1988 AND

CCITT WORKING GROUP-XVIII CAME OUT WITH


RECOMMENDATIONS ON SDH.

09/26/16

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET v/s SDH BIT RATES

SONET

SYNCHRONOUS
OPTICAL
TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER
STS-1
OC-1
STS-3
OC-3
STS-9
OC-9
STS-12
OC-12
STS-18
OC-18
STS-24
OC-24
STS--36
OC-36
STS-48
OC-48
STS-192
OC-192

SDH
BIT RATE
SYNCHRONOUS
MBPS
TRANSPORT MODULE
51.84
----STM-0
155.52
STM-1
466.56
---622.08
STM-4
933.12
--1244.16 --1866.24 --2488.32 STM-16
9953.28 STM-64

*BIT RATES FOR HIGHER ORDER IS N-TIMES THE LOWER ORDER

09/26/16

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

SDH FRAME
REPRESENTATION
9

S
O
H

261

PAY
LOAD

270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

BIT RATE : STM-N


NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER

OF
OF
OF
OF
OF

ROWS = 9
COLUMNS = 9+261=270
BYTES = 9x270
BITS = 9x270x8
BITS / SECOND = 9x270x8x8000

=155520000
=155.520 Mbps (STM-1)
BIT RATE OF STM-N = (Nx155.520) Mbps

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK COMPONENTS

SYNCHRONOUS NETWORK Contd


Regenerators
Terminal Multiplexers
Add-drop Multiplexers
Digital X-Connect
Network Management System

NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):

* MAPPING OF PDH SIGNALS INTO SDH.


* MULTIPEXING OF LOWER -ORDER SDH SIGNALS INTO SDH
63 Nos. OF 2Mbps or
3 Nos.of 34Mbps or
1 Nos. of 140Mbps or
combination of above

PDH

TM
STM-n
STM-m
(m<n)
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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

NETWORK ELEMENTS-Contd.
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):

* PERMITS ADD& DROP OF LOWER ORDER SIGNALS.

ADM

STM-n

STM-n

(m<n)
STM-m

PDH
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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

NETWORK ELEMENTS-contd.
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):

* PERMITS SWITCHING OF TRANSMISSION LINES WITH


DIFFERENT BIT-RATES.
* SDXC CAN ADD AND DROP LOWER-ORDER SIGNALS.

STM-n

STM-n

STM-n

STM-m/PDH
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09/26/16

NETWORK ELEMENTS-Contd.
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):

REGENERATES THE INCOMING LINE SIGNAL.


* SUPERVISE THE TRANSMISSION QUALITY OF THE LINE

STM-n

REG

STM-n

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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* POINT-TO-POINT:

TM

TM

* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:

TM

ADM

TM

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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

NETWORK TOPOLOGY-Contd.
* RING-TOPOLOGY:

ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

NETWORK ELEMENTS
N
NM
M SS

SDH AIMS TO PROVIDE:

STANDARDISED , CENTRALISED O&M SYSTEM .


85
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

SDH MANAGEMENT
Performance Management
Fault / Event Management
Configuration Management
Accounting Management
Security Management

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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

Typical use of SDH rates


STM
-16
STM -4

STM -1

MAJOR TRUNKS

REGIONAL

LOCAL

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ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

09/26/16

STM ( Synchronous Transport Module )


270 Columns (Bytes)
1
1
3
4

270

transmit
row by row

RSOH
Payload

AU Pointer

(transport capacity)

MSOH
9

RSOH: Regenerator section


overhead
MSOH: Multiplex section
overhead
Payload: Area for information
transport
09/26/16

Transport capacity of one Byte: 64 k


Frame capacity: 270 x 9 x 8 x 8000
= 155.520 Mbit/s
Frame repetition time: 125 s
88

ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

STM-1 Frame
270 Columns
RSOH
Pointer
9Rows
MSOH

P
O
H
1

Container
260

STM-1 Bit rate = 270 X 9 x 8000 = 155.52 Mbps.


R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

89

THE TRUCK
PAYLOAD

OVERHEA
D

BIT RATE : STM-N


9

261

12
S
O
H

??

5
SE
CPAY
O
ND
LOAD
S
270

(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)

SDH-Structure
The Container (C)

Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)


Synchronous to the STM-1
Bitrate adaptation is done via a positive stuffing procedure
Adaptation of synchronous tributaries by fixed stuffing bits
Bit by bit stuffing

The Virtual Container (VC)

Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path


Overhead)
Transport as a unit through the network (SDH)
A VC containing several VCs has also a pointer area

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

SDH-Structure-Cont.
The Tributary Unit (TU)

Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)

Combines several TUs for a new VC

The Administrative Unit (AU)

Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last

The Syncronous Transport Module Level 1 (STM-

1)

Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs


Clock justification through positive-zero-negative stuffing in
the AU pointer area
byte by byte stuffing

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ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con

MAPPING OF PDH SIGNAL INTO SDH


SIGNAL

SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS

34M

8M

2M

64K

140M

34M

C4

C3

M
U
X

8M

2M

S
D
H

63
1

C12

2 Mbps mapping

STM-1

AUG

AU-4

VC-4
x
3
TUG-3

x
7
STMn
AUG

Synchronous Transport Module


Administrative Unit Group: One
or more AU(s)

AU-n

Administrative Unit: VC +
pointers

VC-n

Virtual Container: payload +


path overhead

TUG-2
x
3

TU-12

VC-12

C-12

E1:
2.048Mb/s

A1
B1
D1

SECTION OVERHEAD
DETAILS
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
E1
D2

B2
D4

B2

D7
D10
S1
A
D
F
K

B2

K1

K2
D6
D9
D12

D5
D8
D11

FRAMING
DATACOM FOR NMS
USER CHANNEL
APS
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE

J0
F1
D3

M1
B
E
M

E2
PARITY CHECK
ORDERWIRE
MS-REI
MEDIA DEPEDENT

SOH details
The first 3 rows are Regenerator Section Overhead: A1 and A2 are framing bytes and indicate the start of the STM-1 frame.
J0 contains a trace message that is continually transmitted between Regenerator

Sections so that they know they are still connected.


B1 provides parity checking. Calculated over all bytes of the previous STM-1
frame.
E1 can be used for voice communications over the regenerator Section
F1 is set aside for the users purposes.
D1, D2 and D3 form a 192kbit/s message channel for Operations,

Administration and maintenance. Eg. Alarms, control, monitoring

SOH details
The last five rows of the Section Overhead are used for the Multiplex

Section:B2 24 bit Parity Check


K1 and K2 Automatic Protection Switching. This is used to provide automatic
switching to a backup facility in the event of a failure.
D4 to D12 form a 576kbit/s message channel for Operations, Administration
and Maintenance. Eg. Remote provisioning, monitoring, alarms etc.
S1 is the synchronous status message byte used to carry synchronisation
messages ie: I am primary reference clock or Do not use me as clock reference.
M1 Remote error indication

E2 A 64kbit/s voice channel between Multiplex Sections

POH Details
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

( Repetitively transmits user programmable data )


( Parity Bits).
( Specifies type of matching to Container ).
( Conveys the performance of the path )
( Communication between Path elements ).
( Multiframe Indicator ).
( user purpose)
( APS )
( Monitoring ).

Microwave equipment category.

Out door Microwave equipment

Micro wave transmission

Micro wave relay

Microwave components

Micro wave components

Different types of antennas

Block diagram of digital radio system

Classification of MW systems.
According to distance between the points to be connected
Long-haul microwave links (20 to 50km, in certain cases even more)
Short-haul microwave links (a few hundred metres up to 20km)
According to transmission capacity and multiplex process
Up to around 34Mbit/s (classical PDH)
Up to around 200Mbit/s per system (Ethernet or mixed with PDH)
Up to n times 155Mbit/s (SDH)
According to frequency band used
6 to 8GHz (long-haul microwave links of up to over 50km, for the highest possible capacity)
11 to 15GHz (medium-haul distances of 10 to 20km)
18 to 38GHz (short-haul microwave links between 1 and 10km)
52 GHzand more (shortest distances of all, up to around 1km)
According to equipment technology
Classical indoor equipment with waveguide between equipment and antenna
Splitting equipment (microwave link system with the indoor and outdoor unit separated)

CCIR( Consultative committee on


International Radio)

The CCIR recommends 2 GHz band for


60,120, 300 and 600-1800 channel
systems, 6 GHz for 1800 channel system
upper 6 GHz band for 960 to 2700 channel
system, and 7 GHz band for 60, 120 and
300 channel systems. Taking into account
various factors the following gives some of
the trends of frequency usage in India.
1.Long-haul wideband systems-4 GHz and 6
GHz
2.Narrowband Long-haul system -2 GHz
3.Narrowband short haul systems -7 GHz
and 13 GHz.
4.Wideband short haul systems -11 and 12
GHz.
Besides this digital microwave systems are
proposed to be used in the band 2GHz and

Different capacities of MW systems


Capacity

Bit rate

No of
channels

Range

2 GHz band

8.448

120

(2.02.3 GHz)

7 GHz band

34.368

480

(7.4257.725
GHz)

13 GHz band

34.368

480

[12.7513.25
GHz band

4 GHz band

139.264

1920

(3.33.8 and
3.84.2 GHz)

6 Ghz band

139.264

1920
(5.9256.425
GHz : Lower)
(6.4307.110
GHz : Upper)

Mini Link
Operating Frequency band of Mini Link is
2.3 MHz 2.7 MHz and 4.9 MHz 6.0 MHz
Capacity of Mini Link is 4 E1

VSAT
Versy small aperture antenna.

Signal Flow

Coaxial Cable

LNB

Rx Port
Tx Port
Coaxial Cable
BUC

Transmit signal:

L- band

Ku-band

Receive signal:

L-band

Ku-band

Outdoor Unit (ODU)


IPSTAR Training Department

Outdoor Unit (ODU)


Outdoor unit is a part of IPSTAR user terminal
located outside the building
ODU consists of :

Low Noise Block-down converter (LNB)


Block Up Converter (BUC)
Antenna
Feed Assembly
Attenuator
Cable

121

09/26/16

Low Noise Block-down converter (LNB)


LNB is a device that accepts downlink Ku band signal from the antenna,

converts the signal down to the IF frequency, and forward it to IDU.


Performance of each LNB is different depending on its internal features.
LNBs used for IPSTAR user terminal must be the model that authorized by
IPSTAR.

LNB specification:
Input Frequency:
12.75 GHz

12.2 -

Output Frequency:1600 - 2150


MHz
LO Frequency: 9.4, 9.65, 10.6
GHz
Gain: 60 dB min
122

09/26/16

Block Up Converter (BUC)


BUC is a device that accepts the transmit IF signal from IDU, converts it to the
uplink Ku
band frequency, and amplifies it with an SSPA(solid state power amplifier)

BUC specification:
Input Frequency: 950 - 1450
MHz
Output Frequency: 14.0 - 14.5
GHz
LO Frequency: 13.05 GHz
Gain: 50 dB min
123

09/26/16

Antenna
Antenna is a device that can transmit waves to or receive waves from the desired

direction.
It comes in various shapes and sizes.
IPSTAR antenna size is ranging from 0.84 to 1.8 meters or larger in some countries.

0.84 m antenna

1.2 m antenna

1.8 m antenna

124

09/26/16

Cable and Connector


In the interference-free installation, quality of cable is very important.
Normally, RG-6 cable is used for connecting ODU to IDU. However, there are

many grades for RG-6 cable. Each type made from different materials and had
different shielding schemes.

It is critical to use ONLY the specific cable from the manufactures that are

authorized by IPSTAR.

F-Type connector is used for cable.

125

09/26/16

Cable and Connector

RG 6

F-type Connector
for RG6

RG 11

F-type Connector
for RG11

Feed Assembly Set


BUC
Feed assembly

LNB
Feed assembly is connected to BUC and
LNB.

127

09/26/16

Attenuator

Tx Attenuator
14db

Rx Attenuator
10db

128

09/26/16

Indoor Unit (IDU)


INDOOR UNIT (IDU) or MODEM is a device that located inside of the

building.
It can perform both modulation and demodulation.
The modulator accepts the transmit data, applies Turbo Product Coding, and

modulates with a carrier at intermediate frequency (IF).


The demodulator accepts an IF signal, demodulates it, and decodes to create

the received data.

129

09/26/16

OF CABLE COMPONENTS
OF cable diagaram
CORE

CLADDING
-

SILICON COATING
BUFFER JACKET
STRENGTH MEMBER

BLACK POLYETHANE INNER JACKET


OF CABLE

ORANGE NYLON OUTER JACKET


ALTTC

TX-I

130

MAIN COMPONENTS
SIECOR
OUTER JACKET (NYLON)
INNER SHEATH
A
A

KEVLAR & BINDER

A
A

BUFFER TUBES
FIBER
CENTRAL
STRENGTH MEMBER

FILLERS (SOLID) PVC / CELLULOSE

OF CABLE

ALTTC

TX-I

131

Loose and Tight Buffers


Loose buffers are used for O/D applications.
Tight buffers are used for I/D applications ( Pig

tails and Patch cards).

Applications of OF cables
Non Metallic Loose buffer Tube for out door

applications with duct.


Armored loose buffer tube for Out door
application without duct.
Tight buffer Cable for Indoor applications
Aerial cable for Hilly terrain.

Types of OF cables
1. 6F OF cable.
2. 12 F OF cable.
3. 24F OF cable.
4. 48 F OAN cable.
5. 96F OAN cable.
6. 288 F OAN cable.

96F OAN cable


It is of ribbon cable. It Contains 4 buffers . Each buffer contains 2 Ribbons.Each

Ribbon contains 12Fibers.


Color code of 12 Fibers.
1. Blue,
2. Orange ,
3.Green ,
4. Brown,
5. Slate( Gray),
6. White,
7. Red,
8. Black,
9. Yellow,
10. Violet,
11. Purple,
12. Natural.

Components related to OF
Name of Item

Use

HDPE pipe

For 6F , 12F, 24F Laying

PLB pipe

40 mm dia for 6F, 12F, 24F, 48F and


96F cables laying and 50 mm dia for
288 F Laying.

Outer sheeth remover

For removing Outer sheath.

Multi stripper

For preparation of OF cable.

Isopropyl alcholol

For cleaning

Cable cutter

For cutting the cable.

Connectors
FC Ferrule connect.( used in 8 mb system)
PC Patch connect. ( used in 8 mb system )
SC Square connect. ( used in FTTH splitter)
LC Luscent connect ( used in Teja CPE)

Cards used in PDH systems


OPTICAL:
OPTICAL LINE TERMINAL EQUIPMENT (OLTE)8Mb, 34Mb, 140Mb.
OPTICAL REGENERATOR EQUIPMENT34 Mb,140Mb.
OPTIMUX:
SINGLE SHELF CONTAINS BOTH MUX AND
OLTE

NEED OF OPTICAL SOURCES


WHY WE NEED TRANSMISSION
139 MEDIA?
XG
E-2

XG
E-1

OPTICAL
SOURCE

UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

OPTICAL
DETECTOR

Monday, September 26, 2016

OPTICAL TRANSMITTER
MUX

140
OPTICAL
ELECTRONIC
SOURCE

PROCESSING

OPTICAL TRANSMITTER

PROCESSING IS DONE ELECTRONICALLY TO


PREPARE THE SIGNAL FOR TRAVELLING SAFE THROUGH
THE FIBER

UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

Monday, September 26, 2016

FUNCTIONS OF OPTICAL TRANSMITTER


MUX

141

ELECTRONI OPTICAL
SOURCE
C
PROCESSIN
G
SEPARATION
OF CLOCK

& DATA

LINE CODING - COVERSION INTO


OPTICAL LINE CODING
SCRAMBLING
COMBINING ORDERWIRE
,SUPERVISORY PROTECTION
SWITCHING SIGNALS WITH THE MAIN
SIGNAL
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
Monday, September 26, 2016

REQUIREMENTS or EXPECTATIONS
FROM OPTICAL
SOURCES
142
PRIMARY CHARACTERISTIC
WAVELENGTH
-LOW ATTENUATION,
-LOW DISPERSION
THREE WINDOWS- 850 , 1300 , 1550

UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

Monday, September 26, 2016

LIGHT SOURCES
143
LED - LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

- SHORTHAUL AND MEDIUM HAUL


COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS WHERE
-POWER REQUIREMENTS ARE SMALL
- LOW BIT RATES REQUIRED

LD - LASER DIODE
- USED FOR LONG DISTANCE
- HIGH BIT RATE APPLICATIONS

UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

Monday, September 26, 2016

Light emitting diodes (LED)


144

Light emitting diodes are manufactured from

gallium- aluminium arsenide or arsenidephosphide materials.

Using normal semiconductor diffusion growth

techniques, a P- N junction diode is made and


electrons and holes will migrate across this
junction when the diode is forward biased.

As these carriers recombine, energy is emitted

in the form of light with a wavelength of


between 500 and 900nm. This is called
Spontaneous Emission.

UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

Monday, September 26, 2016

LASER OPERATING PRINCIPLE


145

E2

ABSORPTIO
N

E1

SPONTANEOUS
EMSSION

STIMULATE
D EMISSION
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA

Monday, September 26, 2016

Optical Detector
PERFORMS JUST OPPOSITE
FUNCTION TO THAT OF OPTICAL
SOURCE
IS AN OPTO ELECTRONIC
TRANSDUCER
CONVERTS OPTICAL ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY

INTRODUCTION
TWO BASIC PHOTODETECTION
MECHANISMSEXTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
AND
INTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

INTRODUCTION
EXTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT

ELECTRONS ARE FREED FROM THE SURFACE OF THE METAL BY


THE ENERGY ABSORBED FROM THE INCIDENT PHOTONS

EXAMPLES ARE
VACCUM PHOTODIODE
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE

INTRODUCTION
INTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
FREE CHARGE CARRIERS (ELECTRONS AND HOLES) ARE
GENERATED BY THE ENERGY ABSORBED FROM THE INCIDENT
PHOTONS
EXAMPLES ARE -SEICONDUCTOR JUNCTION DEVICES
PIN PHOTODIODE
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
are mostly used in BSNL.

PIN PD
POSITIVE INTRINSIC NEGATIVE
LENGTH OF DEPLETION REGION INCRESED BY
ADDITION OF LIGHTLY DOPED INTRINSIC LAYER BETWEEN
P N LAYERS

PIN PD

TRDE OFF BETWEEN EFFICIENCY AND SPEED


PHOTON TO CARRIER CONVERSION EFFICIENCY REQUIRES A
THICK INTRINSIC LAYER TO INCRESE THE PROBABILITY OF eh PAIR
SPEED REQUIRES THINNER LAYER TO REDUCE THE TRANSIT
TIME

APD
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
FEW INCIDENT PHOTONS RESULT IN MANY CARRIERS ,
LARGER EXTERNAL CURRENT
VERY STRONG E-FIELD IN DEPLATION REGION
PRIMARY CARRIERS (BY ABSORBED PHOTONS)
PRIMARY CARRIERS -K.E.
SECONDARY CARRIERS
PHOTOMLTIPLICATION

ARE ACCEERATED BY E-FIELD--

DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS

RESPONSIVITY= P =(OUTPUT CURRENT)/(INPUT OPTICAL


POWER)
P=0.6 A/W PIN
P=75 A/W APD
Popt incident = 50 micro Watts will give

DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS

RESPONSIVITY= P =(OUTPUT CURRENT)/(INPUT OPTICAL


POWER)
P=0.6 A/W PIN
P=75 A/W APD
Popt incident = 50 micro Watts will give I
I

APD

=3.75 mA

PIN

=30 micro A

DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS

QUANTUM EFFICIENCY= (No. of photons causing


generation of primary e-h pair)/(total no. of incident
photons)

DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
DARK CURRENT
THERMALLY GENERATED
PRESENT EVEN WHEN NO OPT-POWER
SMALL R.B. CURRENT

DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
MINIMUM DETECTABLE POWER
LOWEST LEVEL OF INCIDENT OPTICAL-POWER THE
DETECTOR CAN HANDLEDARK CURRENT=

MUX Principle:Containers (C-n)

SIG
SIGNAL

-1c
C-1

SIGNAL

C-3

C-4

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

158

09/26/16

MUX PRINCIPLE: TU-n/ AU

--It
Itisisan
aninformation
informationstructure
structurewhich
whichprovides
provides

adaptation
adaptation between
betweentwo
twolayers:
layers: -Between
-Betweenlower
lower
and
andhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayers
layersfor
forTU
TU
--Between
Betweenhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayer
layerand
andsection
sectionlayer
layerfor
for
AU
AU
P
T
R

P
O
H

CONTAINER

POINTER
POINTERisisan
anindicator
indicator whose
whosevalue
valuedefines
definesthe
theframe
frameoffset
offsetof
ofaaVC
VC with
with
respect
respectto
tothe
theframe
framereference
referenceof
ofthe
thetransport
transportentity
entityon
on which
whichititisissupported
supported

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

159

09/26/16

MUX Principle: STM-1(from C-1)

S
O
H

P
T
R

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-3
TUG-3

TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2 TUG-2

TU-1

P
T
R

09/26/16

P
O
H

TU-1

TU-1

CONTAINER-1

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

160

MUX Principle:STM-1(from C-3)

S
O
H

P P
T O
R H

TUG-3

P
T
R
09/26/16

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

CONTAINER-3

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

161

MUX Principle: STM-1(from C-4)

S
O
H

P P
T O
R H

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

CONTAINER-4

162

09/26/16

MUX Principle:STM-1(from C-3)

S
O
H

P P
T O
R H

TUG-3

P
T
R

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

P
O
H

TUG-3

TUG-3

CONTAINER-3

163

09/26/16

MULTIPLEXING FROM C-4

POH
PTR

SOH

C-4

C-4

VC-4

VC-4

AU-4

PTR VC-4

AUG

AUG

ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts

CONTAINER-4

STM-1
164

09/26/16

Enter into

ADM- D

Type 192.168.1.254:2080 in web browser.


User login is tejas
Password is j72e#05t.

ADM-Components ( Tejas)

Sno

Slot no

Name of
equipment

Back plane
PSU

PMC

XCA

XCA

SAT42E11E3DS3

Dummy

TETH08E

PSU

Cards in ADM-1
1. PSU

DC DC converter.
2. PMC Processor card. ( BITSIN port means
Building Integrated Timing source Input ) port for
giving clock input from SSU.
3. 2 nos of XCA Cross connection cards.
4. SAT42E11E3DS3 ( supports 42 E1s and 1 E3
port ).
5. TETH08E ( Supports 8 ethernet ports).

1+1 protection
1+1 protection.
The simplest form of back-up is the so-called 1 + 1

APS. Here, each working line is protected by one


protection line.

Concept
of Speech in SDH Ring
A in Uni Directional Self Healing Ring
RX TX
TX RX

ADM A

TX RX
RX TX

ADM DTX

RX
RX TX

RX TX
TX RX

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC,

ADM C

ADM B

USHR Path Protection

Node A

Node E

Node B

Node D

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC,

Node C

Concept
of Speech in SDH Ring
A in Bio Directional Self Healing Ring
RX TX
TX RX

4p

Node 1

1p

8p
5p
Node 4TX

RX
RX TX

7p

6p
3p

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

2p
RX TX
TX RX

ALTTC,

Node 2

TX RX
RX TX

Node 3

MS shared protection rings


MS shared protection rings scheme is supported by only BSHR
.The ring protocol is essential for both two fiber ring or four
Fiber ring.
In BSNL only two fiber rings are deployed.
MS shared protection rings are characterized by dividing
the total payload per multiplex section equally into working
and protection capacity.
For a two fiber STM_N ring, N/2 administrative unit
Groups (AUGs) available for working and N/2 (AUGs)
for protection.
The protection capacity is shared between multiple
Multiplex sections

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC,

The sharing of protection capacity may allow a multiplex


section shared protection ring to carry more traffic under
Normal conditions than other ring types.
The sum of the tributaries that transverse a span cannot
exceed the maximum capacity of the particular span.
In MS shared protection the service can be routed in either
one of the two directions,the long way around the ring or the
short way.
For normal working shortest path is preferable.
For failure condition ,the alternate path in used.

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC,

Node a

Normal Traffic In MS-Spring

Node A
Circuit Q

NodeBb
Node

Node
C c
Node

Node
Node
E e

Node
D d
Node

Node f

Node F

working
Working
protection
Protection
Ckt transporting service

TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC, Transporting Service


Circuit

Normal state

Protected Traffic In MS-Spring


a
NodeNode
A
Circuit Q

Node
B
Node
b

Node
NodeC c

Node f

Node F

working
Working

Node
E e
Node

protection

Protection
Ckt transporting service
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad

ALTTC, Transporting Service


Circuit

Node D

Node d

Failed state

SNCP

SUBNETWORK CONNECTION PROTECTION

(SNCP)
This is the same as 1+1 protection. Thus, the K1-K2
protocol is not needed, and the switchover is very
fast because it is done locally only. Only one of the
two rings is used in case of a failure--this is also an
example of unidirectional switching.

Topologies of Network elements

Sno

Name of Network element

Topology

ADM-4

MADM-16

TM

Regenerator

Ring
Ring
Linear
Ring

Functions of different cards

Name of the card

Functions

Power Supply Unit

DC to DC converter

E1/T1 tributary card

E1 tributary interface cards provide line


interfaces to 16 E1, 21 E1, and 28 E1
channels respectively in both add and drop
directions.
The STM-1 aggregate card has two optical
transceivers operating at STM-1 rate for the
tributary interface.
The STM-4 Aggregate card has one optical
transceiver operating at STM-4 rate for the
aggregate interface. The optical transceiver
mounted on the card can be of L/S 4.1/4.2
types defined in ITU-T G.957

STM-1 Aggregate Card


STM-4 Aggregate

STM-4 Cross-connect Card (XCC16L)

The cross-connects sub-system of the


XCC16L card consists of a cross-connect
fabric for 4x4 STM-4. The fabric is a non-

Interfaces
RJ45 FOR NMS
RS-232 FOR CRAFT
Tributary interfaces FOR E1/E3
Optical interfaces Through SFP
Optical Ethernet Interface etc. For Ethernet support.

TWO MAIN ASPECTS of Performance of


Digital transmission

AVAILABILITY : It refers to the % of Time


the system is available with QUALITY.

QUALITY: Quality is determined by


Parameters like BER, ES, SES, DM.

26/09/16

181
ALT/OFCS/PP

SETUP FOR ERROR PERFORMANCE


MEASUREMENTS

.
TRANSMITTER

MEDIUM

RECEIVER

DTA

DTA

TRANSMITTER

RECEIVER

26/09/16

182
ALT/OFCS/PP

BIT ERROR RATE


This Parameter is equivalent to the S/N Ratio of the

Analogue Systems.
BER=Erred Bits/Total Bits Transmitted.
The time set for the measurement of BER, is called gating time.

26/09/16

183
ALT/OFCS/PP

ERROR SOURCES
A BIT ERROR OCCURS WHEN AN ELECTRICAL OR OPTICAL RECEIVER MAKES AN
INCORRECT DECISION ABOUT A BITS LOGICAL LEVEL.
FACTORS--SIGNAL POWER ,
NOISE,
JITTER,
EMI FROM RADIATED EMISSION OR CROSSTALK.

26/09/16

184
ALT/OFCS/PP

MEANING OF HIGH GRADE,MEDIUM


GRADE&LOCAL GRADE

All Optical Fibre based PDH/SDH Systems

are of High Grade.


All Digital Microwave/Radio Systems are

generally High Grade unless specifically mentioned


that they are of Local or Medium Grade.
All Analogue UHF/Radio Systems are generally
Local or Medium Grade unless specifically
mentioned that they are of High Grade.
26/09/16

185
ALT/OFCS/PP

Jitter & Wander


Abrupt and unwanted variations of one or more

signal characteristics.
Jitter must be specified in qualitative terms (e.g.,
amplitude, phase, pulse width or pulse position) and
in quantitative terms (e.g., average, RMS, or peakto-peak). Short term frequency equal to or greater
than 10 Hz is Jitter and Long-term variations
frequency less than 10 Hz is wander.

26/09/16

186
ALT/OFCS/PP

Digital TRANSMISSION - Performance Criteria ( General)

1 in 106 (10 6) : Better


1 in 105 (10 5) : Good
1 in 104 (10 4) : Reasonably good
1 in 103 (10 3) : Just Acceptable
More than 1 in 103 : Unacceptable
For data channels 10 -9 is normally realizable

26/09/16

187
ALT/OFCS/PP

Quality Parameters
The quality parameters are:
1. Error Seconds (ES)
2. Severely Error Seconds (SES)
3. Non Severely Error Seconds (NSES)
4. Degraded Minutes (DM).

26/09/16

188
ALT/OFCS/PP

Error seconds
Error Seconds (ES): Number of one-second

intervals with one or more errors.


1.

2.

In a communication system of Bit Rate 64Kb/s, if


the Total Measurement Period is 10 minutes and
there was no error in any of the seconds except in 7
seconds, calculate the ES%.
ES%= Erred Seconds/Total Seconds x 100.
Hence, ES%= (7/10x60)x100=1.1666.

26/09/16

189
ALT/OFCS/PP

Severely Error Seconds


Severely Error Seconds (SES): Number of one-

second intervals with an error rate, worse than 10-3 .


In a TX. System,Bit Rate was 64Kb/s & was under

observation for 100 secs. Seven Seconds were having


the Erred Bits more than 64,calculate the % of SES.
SES % = (SES/Total Measurement Period)x100
Hence SES % = (7/100)x100=7%

26/09/16

190
ALT/OFCS/PP

Non-Severely Error Seconds


Non-Severely Error Seconds (NSES): Number

of one-second intervals with an error rate, better


than or equal to 10-3.

26/09/16

191
ALT/OFCS/PP

Degraded Minutes
Degraded Minutes (DM): Number of one-second

intervals with a bit error rates worse than 1.OE-6.


Calculate the minimum number of Errored Bits in a Minute

to declare it as a DM, if the Bit Rate is 64Kb/s.


For minimum error BER should be at least E-6 for 60
seconds.
In 60 seconds 64Kx60 Bits are transmitted.
Min. Bits in Error for DM=64Kx60xE-6=~4.

26/09/16

192
ALT/OFCS/PP

Available and Non available time


A period of available time begins with a period of

ten consecutive seconds each of which has a BER


better than 10-3. These 10 seconds are considered
to be available time.
A period of unavailable time begins when the bit
error rate in each second is worse than 1.0E-3 for a
period of 10 consecutive seconds. These 10
consecutive seconds are considered to be
unavailable time.
26/09/16

193
ALT/OFCS/PP

Important Tips
Errored Block (EB): A block in which one or more
bits are in error.
Background Block Error (BBE): An errored block
not
occurring as part of a SES.

What is synchronous network?


When can we call our SDH network SYNCHRONISED
All ADMs ARE RECEIVING CLOCK FROM SOME SSU IN THE
VICINITY?
A synchronous network is one where the clock used by

any ADM can be traced back to the PRC(VSNL clock


Mumbai)

WHY NETWORK SYNCHRONIZATION?


Technical

Political

Minimize data loss


Increase speed

Comply with International standards

Overall

Deliver superior quality telecom services

What is Synchronisation
Synchronization : keeping all digital equipment in a

communications network operating at the same average rate.


Synchronization must exist at three levels:

bit, time slot, and frame.

Bit synchronization : transmit and receive ends of the connection

operate at the same clock rate, so that bits are not misread.
Time slot synchronization aligns the transmitter and receiver so
that time slots can be identified for retrieval of data.
Frame synchronization refers to the need of the transmitter and
receiver to be phase aligned so that the beginning of a frame can
be identified.

SLIP
Differences in timing at nodes within a network will

causethe receiving node to either drop or reread


information sent to it.
This is referred to as a SLIP.

How does slip affect communications signals ?

Voice
Fax
Data
Video
Encrypted
data
Wireless

Crackling
Incorrectly transmitted pages, missing characters
Low throughput (10ms 1.5s)
Picture freezes briefly
Re-transmission of
encryption code
Dropped calls and delayed handover

Synchronization of SDH
Network Elements
SDH Network Element
Internal
Oscillator
4.6 ppm

155 Mbit/s
Data Signal

2 Mbit/s
Data Signal

Osc.

Synchronous
SDH Signal

2 048 kHz
Central Clock

Synchronization Planning
Concept
In BSNL we have MNRC and BNRC
clockslocated at Mumbai and Delhi.
PRCs are located at SSA level.
BSNL adopted Master-slave/ centralized /
(Hierarchical Source-Receiver) architecture.

CLOCK SUPPLY HIERARCHY


Primary Reference Clock (PRC)

Accuracy : 1 x 10-11 ppm


Synchronisation Supply Unit (SSU)
Accuracy : 1 x 10-9 ppm
Synchronisation Equipment Clock (SEC)
Accuracy : 4.6 x 10-6 ppm

Overview of synchronization clocks

PRC

Synchronizationsupplyunit
SSU

SDH
equipment
clock

SEC

PDH
slave
clock

PDH

10-11

Accuracy

Primary
reference clock

10-9 (TNC)
10-8 (LNC)

4.6 x 10-6

Hierarchical clock distribution


"Inter-node"

Master / slave principle

G.812
TNC

SSU

SSU

G.811
PRC

G.812
LNC

SSU: Synchronous supply unit

Primary reference
clock

Slave clock
(transit node
clock)

G.812
TNC

G.812
LNC
G.812
LNC

G.812
LNC

Slave clock
(local node
clock)

Synchronisation
Performance Parameters
Slip : A slip is a bit error occurring as a
result of difference between the
incoming signal clock rate and node
clock rate.
Jitter: refers to phase variations in a
digital signal and is described in terms
of its amplitude and its frequency. This
effects in short term stability
Wander : If the jitter frequency is below
10 Hz then it is known as Wander. This
effects in long term stability

ERRORS in SDH

The SDH frame structure has been designed to contain a


amount of overhead information. The overhead informa
provides for a variety of management and other function
as:

Alarm Indication Signals (AIS)


Error Performance Monitoring using BIP-N
Pointer Adjustment Information
Path Status
Path Trace
Section Trace
Remote Defect, Error, and Failure Indications
Signal Labels
New Data Flag Indications
Data Communications Channels (DCC)
Automatic Protection Switching (APS) Control
Orderwire

LOS
LOS Loss of Signal LOS is raised when the
synchronous signal (STM-N) level drops below
the threshold at which a BER of 1 in 103 is
predicted. It could be due to a cut cable,
excessive attenuation of the signal, or
equipment fault. The LOS state will clear
when two consecutive framing patterns are
received and no new LOS condition is
detected.

OOF
OOF Out of Frame Alignment OOF state
occurs when
several consecutive SDH frames are received
with invalid (errored) framing patterns (A1
and A2 bytes). The maximum time to detect
OOF is 625 microseconds.OOF state clears
within 250 microseconds
when two consecutive SDH frames are
received
with valid framing patterns.

LOF

LOF Loss of Frame LOF state occurs when the OOF


state exists for a specified time in microseconds.
The LOF state clears
When Alignment an in-frame condition exists
continuously for a specified time in microseconds.
The time for detection and clearance is normally 3
milliseconds.

LOP

LOP Loss of Pointer LOP state occurs when


N consecutive invalid pointers are receive
or N consecutive New Data Flags (NDF) ar
received (other than in a concatenation in
where N = 8, 9, or 10.
LOP state is cleared when three equal vali
pointers or three consecutive AIS indicatio
are received.
LOP can be identified as:
AU-LOP (Administrative Unit Loss of Poin
TU-LOP (Tributary Unit Loss of Pointer)

AIS
AIS Alarm Indication AIS is an all-ONES characteristic or adapted
information signal. Its generated to replace the normal traffic
signal when it Signal contains a
defect condition in order to prevent consequential downstream
failures being
declared or alarms being raised.
AIS can be identified as:
MS-AIS (Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal)
AU-AIS (Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal)
TU-AIS (Tributary Unit Alarm Indication Signal).

RDI
RDI Remote Defect A signal returned to the transmitting
Terminating Equipment upon detecting a Loss of Signal, Loss
of Frame, or AIS defect.
Indication RDI was previously known as FERF (Far End
Receiver Failure).
RDI can be identified as:
MS-RDI (Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication)
HP-RDI (Higher-order Path Remote Defect Indication)
LP-RDI (Lower-order Path Remote Defect Indication)

DWDM
HTTC VM

OBJECTIVE
VARIETIES OF WDM
DWDM SYSTEM FUNCTION
TRANSMISSION WINDOWS
DWDM SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF DWDM

DEVELOPMENT OF DWDM

Late
1990s
Mid
1990s
Early
1990s
Late
1980s

64-160 channels
25-50 GHZ spacing
16-40 channels 100-200 GHz spacing
Dense WDM, integrated systems with
Network Management, add-drop functions.
2-8 channels passive
WDM 200-400 GHz spacing
WDM components/parts
2 channels Wideband
WDM 1310 nm, 1550 nm

(D)WDM: RANGE
C- Band: 1530 to 1565 nm
(Conventional Band)
81 wavelengths are defined
Long band: 1565 to 1620 nm

Monday, September 2
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216

DWDM : ADVANTAGES
1. Multiple use of Fibres
2. Extremely high bit rate at low cost.
3. Format and bit rate transparency.

Monday, September 2
6, 2016

217

Varieties of
WDMtransported
WDM systems

Early
two or four
wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM and the
follow-on technologies of CWDM and DWDM
WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread
with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel counts being the
normal deployments.
CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm
spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18 channels.
DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100,
50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to
128 .

Fibre Connectors
21
9

UPC : Ultra Pnysical Contact


Fiber Connector
Straight Tip (Plus indicates a tip with a split).
Backplane Subscriber Connector
Diamond 2000 : Angled Polished Connector (APC)

DUST CAPS - Work CLEAN


Clean hands and tools
NO tension - NO bends

Subscriber Connector
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

09/26/16

Properties and applications


Properties

Applications

Multiple use of fibres

Ideal

in

cases

of

fibre

shortage
Extremely

high

capacity at low cost

transport Multiple

use

of

optical

amplifiers yielding decreased


investments

and

maintenance costs.
Format
transparency

and

bitrate Data, video and voice over a


common transport network

Transponder
A Transponder Terminal can be used to transmit a wide

variety of signal types, like SDH, ATM or PDH signals.


The Transponder adapts to the arbitrary bit rate of the
incoming optical signal, and maps its wavelength to the
chosen WDM channel. Its main function is OEO. It
converts wavelength (say 1550 nm) coming from user
equipment to electrical signal and electrical signal is
converted into optical signal of a specific wavelength, which
forms an optical channel for particular user.

OPTIONAL
REGENERATOR

O/E

Electrical
REGENERATION

E/O

TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR /
WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR
Monday, September 2
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ALTTC / TX-1 / WDM


D N Sahay

222

Transponder application
IP

SDH

IP

Transponer

DWDM
MUX

DWDM
MUX

Transponer

SDH

ATM

ATM

PDH

PDH

SDH MUX

SDH MUX

Fig.5. Transponer Application

Network elements of DWDM


Optical Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
Multiplexing and Demultiplexing of different wavelength signals.
Optical Amplifiers
Pure optical 1R regeneration (just amplification) of all
transmitted signals.
Transponders
Wavelength change and 2R regeneration (reshaping and
amplification) or 3 R regeneration (reshaping retiming and
amplification).

NE of DWDM
Regenerators
Real 3 R regeneration (reshaping, retiming and
amplification) of the signal. Therefore, the signals
have to be demultiplexed, electrically regenerated
and multiplexed again. They are necessary if the
length to be bridged is too long to be covered only by
optical amplifiers, as these only perform reshaping
and retiming.

NE of DWDM
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
Adding and Dropping only specific wavelengths from
the joint optical signal. This may use complete demultiplexing or other techniques.
Optical cross-connects
To cater for the huge amount of data expected in an
optical network even the cross-connects have to
work on a purely optical level.

DWDM elements

BLOCK SCHEMATIC
OPTICAL
SIGNALS.

Tx

STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
ATM
IP

1
2
.
.
.
.

MUX
W
D
M

DEMUX

OFA

Rx

W
D
M

16

TRANSPONDERS

Monday, September 2
6, 2016

228

Dense Wavelength Division


Multiplexing

Passive/active devices are needed to


combine, distribute, isolate and amplify
optical
power at different wavelengths
09/26/16
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

229

Active components of DWDM


230

TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER
MODULATOR
OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
MULTIWAVELENGTH OPTICAL REPEATER
TUNABLE WAVELENGTH LASERS
SWICTHES

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

09/26/16

Passive components of DWDM


ISOLATOR
DIR-COUPLER
SPLITTER
CIRCULATOR
DETECTORS
MUX/DEMUX

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

231

Important Parameters
RETURN LOSS--- MOST OPTICAL OPTICAL DEVICES
232
REFLECT A PART OF THE SIGNAL BACK DOWN THE INPUT
FIBRE .THE AMOUNT OF POWER THAT IS REFLECTED AND
THUS LOST IS CALLED THE RETURN LOSS .
INSERTION LOSS---

THIS IS THE AMOUNT OF SIGNAL


LOST IN THE TRANSIT THROUGH THE DEVICE INCLUDING
ANY COUPLING TO THE FIBER.
EXCESS LOSS---

THIS IS A MEASURE OF PRACTICAL


MANUFACTURE.IT IS AN ADDITIONAL LOSS OF A DEVICE
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
09/26/16
OVER
AND ABOVE THE THEORETICAL LOSS.

Optical Couplers

Combines & splits signals


Wavelength independent or dependent

Power(Output1) = Power(Input1)
Power(Output2) = (1- ) Power(Input1)
Power splitter if =1/2: 3-dB coupler
Used to construct simple optical switches

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

233

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

234

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

235

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

236

23
Simple de-multiplexing
function
7

Reflected Wavelength B 2neff


TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

09/26/16

Wavelength Selective DEMUX

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

238

ADD/DROP MUX

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

239

Extended add/drop Mux

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

240

Reflection Grating Filters


Reflect a single selected wavelength and transmit the rest
work with an optical circulator

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

241

Diffraction gratings
source impinges on a diffraction grating ,each wavelength
is diffracted at a different angle
Using a lens, these wavelengths can be focused onto
individual fibers.
Less channel isolation between closely spaced wavelengths.

09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

242

Arrayed Wave guide Grating

-- good performance
-- quicker design cycle time
09/26/16

TX-T/ALTTC/GZB

-- more cost effective


--- higher channel count
243

Different Optical Network Elements


Optical Terminal Multiplexer (OTM)
Optical Line Amplifier (OLA)
Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
Optical Cross Connect (OXC)

DWDM system.
DWDM is G.692 Grid.
C band is from 1530 to 1565 nm ( 35 nm ).
L band is from 1560 to 1620 nm.
1480 to 1510 is supervisiory channels.
Types of DWDMs 32 2.5 Gbps DWDM and 40

10 GBPS system.
40 10 GBPS DWDM system is equal to STM-64.

Principle diagram of the ZXWM M900 DWDM


optical transmission system
2.5GSDH
OTU

2.5GSDH
M
OA
OTM-1
U

O
D
U

OLA
OA

O
M
U

O
O
OTM-2
D
OA
U

OTU

2.5GSDH

OTU

OTU

OSC

OSC

OSC

2.5GSDH
OTU

O
D
U

O
MU
OA

O
D
U

O
M
U

OA

OA
OTU

2.5GSDH

OTU

2.5GSDH

2.5GSDH

2.5GSDH
OTU

OTM Consists of:


Optical Transponder unit (OTU)
Optical Multiplexer unit (OMU)
Optical De-multiplexing (ODU)
Optical Amplifiers (OA,OBA,OPA)
Common Control cards (NCP, OSC, OHP, LACT etc.)

Optical Add/Drop Multiplexing


Terminal Equipt

In-Line Amplifier

Terminal Equipt

fixed
fixedOADM:
OADM:
2
2

1 2

2 2

2 1

1 1
Configurable
Configurable
OADM
OADM::
1 or
or2
1

1 2

2 2

2 1

OADM : Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer

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249

OPTICAL ADD DROP MUX

COUPLER
CIRCULATOR

Monday, September 2
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ALTTC / TX-1 / WDM


D N Sahay

250

SWITCH
MATRIX

T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T

WAVELENGTH
TRIBUTAR
ALTTC / TX-1 / WDM ADAPTATION
Monday, September 2
251
D N Sahay
6, 2016
Y LINKS

OUTPUT FIBRE
LINKS

INPUT FIBRE
LINKS

OPTICAL CROSSCONNECT

OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
25
2

Isolator

Coupler

Erbium-doped
Fiber-(10-50 m)

Pump
laser

ALTTC / TX-1 / WDM


Sahay

Coupler

DN

Isolator

Pump
laser

Monday, September 26, 2016

EDFA
1. Low noise.
2. Flat Gain.
3. Low cost.
4. Bidirectional amplifier.
5. 1550 nm Output.
6. Gain is 25 to 30 db.
7. Material used is silicon.

Types of DWDM systems


Long Haul systems
Range is 640 Km with span length 80 Km.
No of spans are 8. No of amplifiers required are
7. Allowable loss -22db.
Medium Long Haul systems.
Range is 500 Km with span length 100 Km.
No of spans are 4. No of amplifiers required are
5. Allowable loss -30db.

Very long haul systems


Range is 360Km with span length 120 Km.
No of spans are 3. No of amplifiers required are
2. Allowable loss -33db.
Ultra Long Haul system.
Range is 160 Km with span length 160 Km.
No of spans are 1. No of amplifiers required are
0. Allowable loss -44db.

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OTU F

Optical Transponder Unit with FEC


Client signal supported: 1X STM-4/16 at 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -27
dBm
Client Side: Tx -2 to +3 dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to
-28 dBm for Long haul
Tx 0 to -5 dBm, Rx dynamic range 0 to -18 dBm for
short haul

DSAF-2

Data Service Aggregate board with FEC


Client Signal supported: 2X 1GbE at 1310nm & 1550nm
Line side :Tx 0-5dBm, Rx dynamic range -9 to -27
dBm
Client side: at 1310nm Tx: -3 to -11 dBm , Rx -3 to -19
dBm
at 1550nm Tx: 0 to -4 dBm, Rx -3 to -20
dBm

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards

OMU-32

Optical Multiplexer Unit


Combine 32 coloured wavelengths
Insertion loss: < 17dB

ODU-32

Optical Demultiplexing Unit


It filters out all the 32 channel & inputs to the
corresponding Rx Transponders
Insertion loss: <8dB

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OAD-4
(Ch1- Ch4
Add/Drop)

Add/Drop ch1 ch4 & passes through


remaining channels via port M1-M2 loopback.
Insertion loss: Input-Drop :<-5dB Add-Output:
< -5dB
Input Output : < -8dBm

OBA (2520)
OBA (1620)

Optical Booster Amplifier


OBA(2520) Gain: 25dB , Max. Output: 20dBm
(Used in OTM)
Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm
OBA(1620) Gain: 16dB , Max. Output: 20dBm
(Used in OADM)
Input Power range: 0 to +4 dBm

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OPA (1712)

Optical Pre Amplifier


OPA(1712) Gain: 17dB , Max. Output:
12dBm (Used in OTM & OADM)
Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm

OLA (2520)

Optical Line Amplifier


OLA(2520) Gain: 25dB , Max. Output:
20dBm (Used in OLA)
Input Power range: -8 to -3 dBm

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OSCL/OSCT

Optical Transceiving for the supervisory information


located in OA subrack.
OSCL: For OLA/OADM & OSCT: for OTM
Working wave length: 1510nm +/- 10nm at
2.048Mb/s
Power Tx: -7 to 0 dBm Rx: -48dBm

OHP

Overhead processor
Process OH/ supervisory signal

NCPF

Network Controller Processor


It controls the overall operation of DWDM equipment

LACG/LACT

LAC board adjusts its electrically variable optical


attenuator (EVOA) through EMS
LACG has two EVOAs while LACT has one EVOA.

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OSCL/OSCT

Optical Transceiving for the supervisory information


located in OA subrack.
OSCL: For OLA/OADM & OSCT: for OTM
Working wave length: 1510nm +/- 10nm at
2.048Mb/s
Power Tx: -7 to 0 dBm Rx: -48dBm

OHP

Overhead processor
Process OH/ supervisory signal

NCPF

Network Controller Processor


It controls the overall operation of DWDM equipment

LACG/LACT

LAC board adjusts its electrically variable optical


attenuator (EVOA) through EMS
LACG has two EVOAs while LACT has one EVOA.

2.5Gb/s (32 Ch) DWDM System boards


OTU T
SDH
Tunable
Transponder

SDH Tunable transponder (1 to 32) is divided in two


boards:
1 to 16 tunable in one board
17 to 32 tunable in second board

DSAF T
2X 1GbE
Tunable
Transponder

2X 1GbE Tunable transponder (1 to 32) is divided in two


boards:
1 to 16 tunable in one board
17 to 32 tunable in second board

FAN Unit
FCB

For forced Cooling of the equipment

PWSB

Power supply board


Distributes -48V DC through MCB/fuse for protection of
equipment

Fiber To The Home


FTTH Technology

OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
FIBER TO THE X (FTTX)
WHY FTTH?
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR FTTH

ARCHITECTURE:
THE FEATURES OF DIFFERENT PON STANDARD
SERVICES ON FTTH NETWORK

Introduction

Todays, customer demand for bandwidth hungry


applications such as

high-definition TV,

high-speed Internet access,

video on demand,

IPTV,

online gaming,

distance learning etc which can not fulfill by


copper
infrastructure
i.e.
driving
the
telecommunications industry to deploy more fiber
to the home (FTTH) equipment in the broadband
access network

Introduction
FTTH Brings More Services

Text

Limitation of Todays Network

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E

D/W

C
A
B
I
N
E
T

P
I
L
L
E
R

D
P

The existing infrastructure has value, but is limited

Limitation of Todays Network


Traditional technologies, like Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

and cable modem technologies, commonly used for


broadband access, which have access speeds to the order of
a megabit per second, with actual rates strongly dependent
on distance from the exchange (central office) and quality of
the copper infrastructure
The deployment of FTTH will help to eliminate the

bandwidth limitations of deployed copper in the loop

FTTH-Fiber to the Home


Today, fiber networks come in many
varieties, depending on the termination
point:
Fiber To The Node/Network (FTTN)
Fiber To The Curb (FTTC)
Fiber To The Buildings (FTTB),
Fiber To The Home (FTTH),
For simplicity, most people have begun to
refer to the fiber network as FTTx, in which x
stands for the termination point.

DIFFERENT CONFIGURATIONS OF FTTx


FTTN (Fiber-to-the-node) - Fiber is terminated in
a street cabinet up to several kilometers away from
the customer premises, with the final connection
being copper.
FTTC (Fiber-to-the-cabinet or fiber-to-thecurb) - This is very similar to FTTN, but the street
cabinet is closer to the user's premises; typically
within 300m.
FTTB (Fiber-to-the-building or Fiber-to-thebasement) - Fiber reaches the boundary of the
building, such as the basement in a multi-dwelling
unit, with the final connection to the individual living
space being made via alternative means.
FTTH (Fiber-to-the-home) - Fiber reaches the
boundary of the living space, such as a box on the
outside wall of a home.

Why FTTH?
Enormous information carrying capacity
Easily upgradeable
Allows fully symmetric services
Permanent External Plant
Reduced operations and maintenance costs
Benefits of optical fiber:
Very

long distances
Allows small diameter and light weight cables
Secure
Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)

Why FTTH?
It is a single fiber to the end user, providing

revenue-generating services with industry standard


user interfaces, including voice, high-speed data,
analog or digital CATV, DBS, and video on demand.
FTTH features local battery backup and low-power
consumption.
FTTH can be used with bundled service and is
reliable, scalable, and secure.
The FTTH network is a future-proof architecture

Technology Options for FTTH


1. Home Run Fiber (Point 2
Point)

2. Active Optical Network


(AON)

3. Passive Optical Network


(PON)

27
3

PON Architecture
Voice

Manageme
nt System

Dat
a

ONU
Other
Networks

Video
TD
M

ONU
PABX

1:32(64) Optical
Splitter

O
L
T

PO
N

TDMA

Dat
a

2G
BTS

ONU
0-20 Km physical reach (60 Km
logical reach supported by
protocol)

Centr
al
Office

Video/Audio
over IP
services

CATV
overlay
services

IP N/Ws

Network Elements of FTTH PON

OLT : A Central Office (CO) equipment providing


PON with the various network interfaces

ONU/ONT : An External Plant / Customer Premises


equipment providing user interface for many/single
customer

PON : distributed or single staged passive optical


splitters/combiners providing connectivity between
OLT & multiple ONU/ONTs through one or two
optical fibers

NMS : Management of the complete PON system


from OLT

Types of Optical Connectors & its uses


SC: E-PON Optical Interface
LC: Ethernet Optical Interface
SFP : Used for Up-link Optical Interface/ PON

Optical Interface

Types of ONTs & its uses


GPON Single Family Unit

1 -4 FE Port ,1 GE Port,1-2 POTS


Lines

GPON Small Business Unit AONT-

Four E-1 Interface ,Four FE Port, 1-2

200

POTS Lines,

GPON Multi-dwelling UnitAONT-

1-24 FEPort,1-24 POTS Lines,

301
ONT with CATV

1 -4 FE Port ,1 CATV Port,1-2 POTS


Lines

ONT without CATV

1 -4 FE Port ,1-2 POTS Lines

AOLT-4000 Chassis

* BSNL requirement is 10 PON protected ports which can be provided through 3 GLCP
cards

Different cards available in GPON/GEPON


systems
Up-Link Card
PON-Interface Card
Switch Card
TDM Interface Card
Power Interface Card

Features

BPON

GPON

EPON

Responsible
Standard body

FSAN & ITU-T SG15


(G-983 Series)

FSAN & ITU-T SG15


(G-984 Series)

IEEE 802.3ah

Bandwidth

Down Stream up to 622 Mbps


Up Stream up to 155.52 Mbps

Down Stream up to 2.5 Gbps


Up Stream up to 1.25/2.5 Gbps

Down Stream up to
1.25 Gbps
Up Stream up to 1.25
Gbps

Downstream

1490 nm & 1550 nm

1490 nm & 1550 nm

1490 nm

Upstream

1310 nm

1310 nm

1310 nm

Layer-2
Protocols

ATM

ATM, Ethernet, TDM over


GEM

Ethernet

Frame

ATM

GPON Encapsulation Method

Ethernet Frame

Max. Distance
(OLT to ONU )

20 km

20 Km(supports logical reach


up to 60 Km)

10 and 20 Km.

Split Ratio

1:16, 1:32 and 1:64

1:16, 1:32 and 1:64

1:16 and 1:32

Line Codes

NRZ ( Scrambled )

NRZ ( Scrambled )

8B/10B

Downstream
Security

AES: Advanced Encryption


Standard -128 bit key

AES: Advanced Encryption


Standard

Not Defined

FEC

None

Yes

Yes

No. of fibers

1 or 2

1 or 2

Native via GEM or CEoE

Circuit Emulation
over Ethernet

TDM Support

Application Areas
Residential or Business Services
High

Speed Internet
Transparent LAN Service
Broadcast Video
Multi-Play (Voice, Video, Data etc.)
Private Line
TDM Telephony
IP Telephony (VoIP)
Wireless Services
Wireless backhaul over PON

Conclusion
PON is a leading new technology for broadband

access that promises to deliver bandwidth for a


new
generation
of
bandwidth-intensive
applications such as HDTV, interactive gaming,
distance learning etc.
As it uses passive network components, that
simplifies and reduces the cost and maintenance
challenges associated with active network
technologies.

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