Professional Documents
Culture Documents
HTTC - VM
PREPARED BY
V.V.R.R.SANKAR, SDE ( OFC-OD)
9490110190
What is meant by E1
E1 is 2Mbps ( ETSI Std) and T1 is Mbps1.544
Capacities of E1,E2,E3,E4
E1 means 2 Mbps.
E2 means 8 Mbps.
E3 means 34 Mbps.
E4 means 140 Mbps.
DDF
DDF means Digital Distribution Frame.
In general 2 types of DDFs are used in BSNL.
120 Ohms DDF for
2Mbps.( E1)
75 Ohms DDF for more than 2Mbps (> E1).
75 Ohms DDF
The metal plate of 8/34 Mb DDF module (75W) have
Balanced lines
In telecommunications a balanced
Unbalanced Lines
The unbalanced lines, such as coaxial cable, which is
BALUN
Balanced and unbalanced circuits can be
Categ Impe
ory dance
RG59
RG58
RG11
Use
75
Cable
TV
50
Thin
Etherne
t
50
Thick
Etherne
t
PIJF UG Cables
Color coding
Color coding
Primary
colors
Secondary
colors
1. White
2. Red
3. Black
4. Yellow.
1.Blue
2. Orange
3. Green
4. Brown
5. Slate
/Gray .
1 x 5 pair
10 Pair cable
1 x 10 pair
20 pair cable
1 x 20 pair
50 pair cable
5 x 10 pair
5 x 20 pair
4 x 50 pair
2 x 50 pair + 6 x 50 pair
longer lengths.
0.9mm
Antennas
Antenna serves as a link between the transmitter
PATCH Antenna
A microstrip or patch antenna is a lowprofile antenna it is
YAGI ANTENNA
A Yagi-Uda array, commonly known simply as a Yagi antenna, is a
PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
Parabolic reflector is high directive gain . If it is used
PARABOLIC REFLECTOR
GSM ANTENNA
OF CABLE COMPONENTS
OF cable diagaram
CORE
CLADDING
-
SILICON COATING
BUFFER JACKET
STRENGTH MEMBER
TX-I
35
MAIN COMPONENTS
SIECOR
OUTER JACKET (NYLON)
INNER SHEATH
A
A
A
A
BUFFER TUBES
FIBER
CENTRAL
STRENGTH MEMBER
OF CABLE
ALTTC
TX-I
36
Applications of OF cables
Non Metallic Loose buffer Tube for out door
Types of OF cables
1. 6F OF cable.
2. 12 F OF cable.
3. 24F OF cable.
4. 48 F OAN cable.
5. 96F OAN cable.
6. 288 F OAN cable.
exchange side).
10 pair / 16 Pair screen cable.
RG59 coaxial cable for 75 Ohms DDF.
PCB blocks in 120 Ohms DDF.
Metallic connectors in 75 Ohms FDF.
longer lengths.
Communication?
multi point )
Parabola antenna ( Point to point )
Cassegrain off set antenna ( satellite
communication ).
Arial Cable
FDF
46
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
system.
For 24F , 12F, 6F fibers we use FDF.
For 48F, 96F , 288 F ( Ribbon cables) we use
FDMSS.
The OF cable from Outside world is terminated in
exchange in TJB.
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
FDM
52
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
FDM Priciple
53
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
TDM
54
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
19
TDM
55
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
19
TDM Principle
56
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
16.
Ts 1 to Ts 15 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 1 to
15 respectively.
Ts 17 to Ts 31 are utilized for voltage signal of channels 16
to 30 respectively.
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD
PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(PDH)
PDH HIERARCHY
PDH PRODUCTS
MULTIPLEXERS:
M12 MUX:4E1 Streams Multiplexed to One E2
M23 MUX:4E2 Streams Multiplexed to One E3
M34 MUX:4E3 Streams Multiplexed to One E4
intended for use on digital paths using 2048 kbit/s primary multiplex
equipments.
Bit rates : The nominal bit rate should be 8448 kbit/s. The tolerance on
this rate should be +30 PPM.
Code : HDB3.
Frame length is .
The Op of 8 Mb system is 4 E1s.
34 Mb system.
Bit rates :
The nominal bit rate should be 34368 kbit/s.
140 Mb system
Bit rates :
The nominal bit rate should be 139264 kb/s. The
LIMITATIONS IN PDH
Different Standards
Systems operates in its own Clock
Proprietary Coding Mechanisms Making Inter-
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL
HIERARCHY
(SDH)
WHY SDH?
High Transmission Rates
Simplified Add & Drop Function
High Availability and Capacity Matching
Reliability
Future Proof Platform for New Services
Interconnection
SDH-Introduction
09/26/16
72
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
SDH-Introduction Cont.
ATTEMPTS TO FORMULATE STANDARDS FOR
NETWORK)WAS BORN.
09/26/16
73
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
SIGNAL HIERARCHY
SONET v/s SDH BIT RATES
SONET
SYNCHRONOUS
OPTICAL
TRANSPORT SIGNAL CARRIER
STS-1
OC-1
STS-3
OC-3
STS-9
OC-9
STS-12
OC-12
STS-18
OC-18
STS-24
OC-24
STS--36
OC-36
STS-48
OC-48
STS-192
OC-192
SDH
BIT RATE
SYNCHRONOUS
MBPS
TRANSPORT MODULE
51.84
----STM-0
155.52
STM-1
466.56
---622.08
STM-4
933.12
--1244.16 --1866.24 --2488.32 STM-16
9953.28 STM-64
09/26/16
74
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
SDH FRAME
REPRESENTATION
9
S
O
H
261
PAY
LOAD
270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
OF
OF
OF
OF
OF
ROWS = 9
COLUMNS = 9+261=270
BYTES = 9x270
BITS = 9x270x8
BITS / SECOND = 9x270x8x8000
=155520000
=155.520 Mbps (STM-1)
BIT RATE OF STM-N = (Nx155.520) Mbps
09/26/16
76
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
NETWORK ELEMENTS
SYNCHRONOUS MULTIPLEXER (MUX):
PDH
TM
STM-n
STM-m
(m<n)
79
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK ELEMENTS-Contd.
ADD & DROP MULTIPLEXER (ADM):
ADM
STM-n
STM-n
(m<n)
STM-m
PDH
80
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK ELEMENTS-contd.
SYNCHRONOUS DIGITAL CROSS CONNECT (SDXC):
STM-n
STM-n
STM-n
STM-m/PDH
81
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK ELEMENTS-Contd.
SYNCHRONOUS REGENERATOR (REG):
STM-n
REG
STM-n
82
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK TOPOLOGY
* POINT-TO-POINT:
TM
TM
* POINT-TO-MULTIPOINT:
TM
ADM
TM
83
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK TOPOLOGY-Contd.
* RING-TOPOLOGY:
ADM
ADM
ADM
ADM
84
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
NETWORK ELEMENTS
N
NM
M SS
09/26/16
SDH MANAGEMENT
Performance Management
Fault / Event Management
Configuration Management
Accounting Management
Security Management
86
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
STM -1
MAJOR TRUNKS
REGIONAL
LOCAL
87
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
09/26/16
270
transmit
row by row
RSOH
Payload
AU Pointer
(transport capacity)
MSOH
9
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
STM-1 Frame
270 Columns
RSOH
Pointer
9Rows
MSOH
P
O
H
1
Container
260
89
THE TRUCK
PAYLOAD
OVERHEA
D
261
12
S
O
H
??
5
SE
CPAY
O
ND
LOAD
S
270
(MATRIX REPRESENTATION)
SDH-Structure
The Container (C)
09/26/16
92
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
SDH-Structure-Cont.
The Tributary Unit (TU)
1)
09/26/16
93
ALTTC/TX1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Con
SDH ACCOMMODATES
EXISTING SIGNALS
34M
8M
2M
64K
140M
34M
C4
C3
M
U
X
8M
2M
S
D
H
63
1
C12
2 Mbps mapping
STM-1
AUG
AU-4
VC-4
x
3
TUG-3
x
7
STMn
AUG
AU-n
Administrative Unit: VC +
pointers
VC-n
TUG-2
x
3
TU-12
VC-12
C-12
E1:
2.048Mb/s
A1
B1
D1
SECTION OVERHEAD
DETAILS
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
E1
D2
B2
D4
B2
D7
D10
S1
A
D
F
K
B2
K1
K2
D6
D9
D12
D5
D8
D11
FRAMING
DATACOM FOR NMS
USER CHANNEL
APS
RESERVED FOR NATIONAL USE
UNUSED RESERVED FOR FUTURE USE
J0
F1
D3
M1
B
E
M
E2
PARITY CHECK
ORDERWIRE
MS-REI
MEDIA DEPEDENT
SOH details
The first 3 rows are Regenerator Section Overhead: A1 and A2 are framing bytes and indicate the start of the STM-1 frame.
J0 contains a trace message that is continually transmitted between Regenerator
SOH details
The last five rows of the Section Overhead are used for the Multiplex
POH Details
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Microwave components
Classification of MW systems.
According to distance between the points to be connected
Long-haul microwave links (20 to 50km, in certain cases even more)
Short-haul microwave links (a few hundred metres up to 20km)
According to transmission capacity and multiplex process
Up to around 34Mbit/s (classical PDH)
Up to around 200Mbit/s per system (Ethernet or mixed with PDH)
Up to n times 155Mbit/s (SDH)
According to frequency band used
6 to 8GHz (long-haul microwave links of up to over 50km, for the highest possible capacity)
11 to 15GHz (medium-haul distances of 10 to 20km)
18 to 38GHz (short-haul microwave links between 1 and 10km)
52 GHzand more (shortest distances of all, up to around 1km)
According to equipment technology
Classical indoor equipment with waveguide between equipment and antenna
Splitting equipment (microwave link system with the indoor and outdoor unit separated)
Bit rate
No of
channels
Range
2 GHz band
8.448
120
(2.02.3 GHz)
7 GHz band
34.368
480
(7.4257.725
GHz)
13 GHz band
34.368
480
[12.7513.25
GHz band
4 GHz band
139.264
1920
(3.33.8 and
3.84.2 GHz)
6 Ghz band
139.264
1920
(5.9256.425
GHz : Lower)
(6.4307.110
GHz : Upper)
Mini Link
Operating Frequency band of Mini Link is
2.3 MHz 2.7 MHz and 4.9 MHz 6.0 MHz
Capacity of Mini Link is 4 E1
VSAT
Versy small aperture antenna.
Signal Flow
Coaxial Cable
LNB
Rx Port
Tx Port
Coaxial Cable
BUC
Transmit signal:
L- band
Ku-band
Receive signal:
L-band
Ku-band
121
09/26/16
LNB specification:
Input Frequency:
12.75 GHz
12.2 -
09/26/16
BUC specification:
Input Frequency: 950 - 1450
MHz
Output Frequency: 14.0 - 14.5
GHz
LO Frequency: 13.05 GHz
Gain: 50 dB min
123
09/26/16
Antenna
Antenna is a device that can transmit waves to or receive waves from the desired
direction.
It comes in various shapes and sizes.
IPSTAR antenna size is ranging from 0.84 to 1.8 meters or larger in some countries.
0.84 m antenna
1.2 m antenna
1.8 m antenna
124
09/26/16
many grades for RG-6 cable. Each type made from different materials and had
different shielding schemes.
It is critical to use ONLY the specific cable from the manufactures that are
authorized by IPSTAR.
125
09/26/16
RG 6
F-type Connector
for RG6
RG 11
F-type Connector
for RG11
LNB
Feed assembly is connected to BUC and
LNB.
127
09/26/16
Attenuator
Tx Attenuator
14db
Rx Attenuator
10db
128
09/26/16
building.
It can perform both modulation and demodulation.
The modulator accepts the transmit data, applies Turbo Product Coding, and
129
09/26/16
OF CABLE COMPONENTS
OF cable diagaram
CORE
CLADDING
-
SILICON COATING
BUFFER JACKET
STRENGTH MEMBER
TX-I
130
MAIN COMPONENTS
SIECOR
OUTER JACKET (NYLON)
INNER SHEATH
A
A
A
A
BUFFER TUBES
FIBER
CENTRAL
STRENGTH MEMBER
OF CABLE
ALTTC
TX-I
131
Applications of OF cables
Non Metallic Loose buffer Tube for out door
Types of OF cables
1. 6F OF cable.
2. 12 F OF cable.
3. 24F OF cable.
4. 48 F OAN cable.
5. 96F OAN cable.
6. 288 F OAN cable.
Components related to OF
Name of Item
Use
HDPE pipe
PLB pipe
Multi stripper
Isopropyl alcholol
For cleaning
Cable cutter
Connectors
FC Ferrule connect.( used in 8 mb system)
PC Patch connect. ( used in 8 mb system )
SC Square connect. ( used in FTTH splitter)
LC Luscent connect ( used in Teja CPE)
XG
E-1
OPTICAL
SOURCE
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
OPTICAL
DETECTOR
OPTICAL TRANSMITTER
MUX
140
OPTICAL
ELECTRONIC
SOURCE
PROCESSING
OPTICAL TRANSMITTER
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
141
ELECTRONI OPTICAL
SOURCE
C
PROCESSIN
G
SEPARATION
OF CLOCK
& DATA
REQUIREMENTS or EXPECTATIONS
FROM OPTICAL
SOURCES
142
PRIMARY CHARACTERISTIC
WAVELENGTH
-LOW ATTENUATION,
-LOW DISPERSION
THREE WINDOWS- 850 , 1300 , 1550
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
LIGHT SOURCES
143
LED - LIGHT EMITTING DIODE
LD - LASER DIODE
- USED FOR LONG DISTANCE
- HIGH BIT RATE APPLICATIONS
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
E2
ABSORPTIO
N
E1
SPONTANEOUS
EMSSION
STIMULATE
D EMISSION
UDIT SHRIVASTAVA
Optical Detector
PERFORMS JUST OPPOSITE
FUNCTION TO THAT OF OPTICAL
SOURCE
IS AN OPTO ELECTRONIC
TRANSDUCER
CONVERTS OPTICAL ENERGY INTO
ELECTRICAL ENERGY
INTRODUCTION
TWO BASIC PHOTODETECTION
MECHANISMSEXTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
AND
INTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
INTRODUCTION
EXTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC
EFFECT
EXAMPLES ARE
VACCUM PHOTODIODE
PHOTOMULTIPLIER TUBE
INTRODUCTION
INTERNAL PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT
FREE CHARGE CARRIERS (ELECTRONS AND HOLES) ARE
GENERATED BY THE ENERGY ABSORBED FROM THE INCIDENT
PHOTONS
EXAMPLES ARE -SEICONDUCTOR JUNCTION DEVICES
PIN PHOTODIODE
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
are mostly used in BSNL.
PIN PD
POSITIVE INTRINSIC NEGATIVE
LENGTH OF DEPLETION REGION INCRESED BY
ADDITION OF LIGHTLY DOPED INTRINSIC LAYER BETWEEN
P N LAYERS
PIN PD
APD
AVALANCHE PHOTODIODE
FEW INCIDENT PHOTONS RESULT IN MANY CARRIERS ,
LARGER EXTERNAL CURRENT
VERY STRONG E-FIELD IN DEPLATION REGION
PRIMARY CARRIERS (BY ABSORBED PHOTONS)
PRIMARY CARRIERS -K.E.
SECONDARY CARRIERS
PHOTOMLTIPLICATION
DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
APD
=3.75 mA
PIN
=30 micro A
DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
DARK CURRENT
THERMALLY GENERATED
PRESENT EVEN WHEN NO OPT-POWER
SMALL R.B. CURRENT
DETECTOR - CHARACTERISTICS
MINIMUM DETECTABLE POWER
LOWEST LEVEL OF INCIDENT OPTICAL-POWER THE
DETECTOR CAN HANDLEDARK CURRENT=
SIG
SIGNAL
-1c
C-1
SIGNAL
C-3
C-4
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
158
09/26/16
--It
Itisisan
aninformation
informationstructure
structurewhich
whichprovides
provides
adaptation
adaptation between
betweentwo
twolayers:
layers: -Between
-Betweenlower
lower
and
andhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayers
layersfor
forTU
TU
--Between
Betweenhigher
higherorder
orderpath
pathlayer
layerand
andsection
sectionlayer
layerfor
for
AU
AU
P
T
R
P
O
H
CONTAINER
POINTER
POINTERisisan
anindicator
indicator whose
whosevalue
valuedefines
definesthe
theframe
frameoffset
offsetof
ofaaVC
VC with
with
respect
respectto
tothe
theframe
framereference
referenceof
ofthe
thetransport
transportentity
entityon
on which
whichititisissupported
supported
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
159
09/26/16
S
O
H
P
T
R
P
O
H
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
TUG-3
TU-1
P
T
R
09/26/16
P
O
H
TU-1
TU-1
CONTAINER-1
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
160
S
O
H
P P
T O
R H
TUG-3
P
T
R
09/26/16
P
O
H
TUG-3
TUG-3
CONTAINER-3
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
161
S
O
H
P P
T O
R H
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
CONTAINER-4
162
09/26/16
S
O
H
P P
T O
R H
TUG-3
P
T
R
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
P
O
H
TUG-3
TUG-3
CONTAINER-3
163
09/26/16
POH
PTR
SOH
C-4
C-4
VC-4
VC-4
AU-4
PTR VC-4
AUG
AUG
ALTTC/TX-1/SDH(I,O&M)/SDH_Concepts
CONTAINER-4
STM-1
164
09/26/16
Enter into
ADM- D
ADM-Components ( Tejas)
Sno
Slot no
Name of
equipment
Back plane
PSU
PMC
XCA
XCA
SAT42E11E3DS3
Dummy
TETH08E
PSU
Cards in ADM-1
1. PSU
DC DC converter.
2. PMC Processor card. ( BITSIN port means
Building Integrated Timing source Input ) port for
giving clock input from SSU.
3. 2 nos of XCA Cross connection cards.
4. SAT42E11E3DS3 ( supports 42 E1s and 1 E3
port ).
5. TETH08E ( Supports 8 ethernet ports).
1+1 protection
1+1 protection.
The simplest form of back-up is the so-called 1 + 1
Concept
of Speech in SDH Ring
A in Uni Directional Self Healing Ring
RX TX
TX RX
ADM A
TX RX
RX TX
ADM DTX
RX
RX TX
RX TX
TX RX
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
ALTTC,
ADM C
ADM B
Node A
Node E
Node B
Node D
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
ALTTC,
Node C
Concept
of Speech in SDH Ring
A in Bio Directional Self Healing Ring
RX TX
TX RX
4p
Node 1
1p
8p
5p
Node 4TX
RX
RX TX
7p
6p
3p
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
2p
RX TX
TX RX
ALTTC,
Node 2
TX RX
RX TX
Node 3
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
ALTTC,
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
ALTTC,
Node a
Node A
Circuit Q
NodeBb
Node
Node
C c
Node
Node
Node
E e
Node
D d
Node
Node f
Node F
working
Working
protection
Protection
Ckt transporting service
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
Normal state
Node
B
Node
b
Node
NodeC c
Node f
Node F
working
Working
Node
E e
Node
protection
Protection
Ckt transporting service
TX- 1 Faculty
Ghaziabad
Node D
Node d
Failed state
SNCP
(SNCP)
This is the same as 1+1 protection. Thus, the K1-K2
protocol is not needed, and the switchover is very
fast because it is done locally only. Only one of the
two rings is used in case of a failure--this is also an
example of unidirectional switching.
Sno
Topology
ADM-4
MADM-16
TM
Regenerator
Ring
Ring
Linear
Ring
Functions
DC to DC converter
Interfaces
RJ45 FOR NMS
RS-232 FOR CRAFT
Tributary interfaces FOR E1/E3
Optical interfaces Through SFP
Optical Ethernet Interface etc. For Ethernet support.
26/09/16
181
ALT/OFCS/PP
.
TRANSMITTER
MEDIUM
RECEIVER
DTA
DTA
TRANSMITTER
RECEIVER
26/09/16
182
ALT/OFCS/PP
Analogue Systems.
BER=Erred Bits/Total Bits Transmitted.
The time set for the measurement of BER, is called gating time.
26/09/16
183
ALT/OFCS/PP
ERROR SOURCES
A BIT ERROR OCCURS WHEN AN ELECTRICAL OR OPTICAL RECEIVER MAKES AN
INCORRECT DECISION ABOUT A BITS LOGICAL LEVEL.
FACTORS--SIGNAL POWER ,
NOISE,
JITTER,
EMI FROM RADIATED EMISSION OR CROSSTALK.
26/09/16
184
ALT/OFCS/PP
185
ALT/OFCS/PP
signal characteristics.
Jitter must be specified in qualitative terms (e.g.,
amplitude, phase, pulse width or pulse position) and
in quantitative terms (e.g., average, RMS, or peakto-peak). Short term frequency equal to or greater
than 10 Hz is Jitter and Long-term variations
frequency less than 10 Hz is wander.
26/09/16
186
ALT/OFCS/PP
26/09/16
187
ALT/OFCS/PP
Quality Parameters
The quality parameters are:
1. Error Seconds (ES)
2. Severely Error Seconds (SES)
3. Non Severely Error Seconds (NSES)
4. Degraded Minutes (DM).
26/09/16
188
ALT/OFCS/PP
Error seconds
Error Seconds (ES): Number of one-second
2.
26/09/16
189
ALT/OFCS/PP
26/09/16
190
ALT/OFCS/PP
26/09/16
191
ALT/OFCS/PP
Degraded Minutes
Degraded Minutes (DM): Number of one-second
26/09/16
192
ALT/OFCS/PP
193
ALT/OFCS/PP
Important Tips
Errored Block (EB): A block in which one or more
bits are in error.
Background Block Error (BBE): An errored block
not
occurring as part of a SES.
Political
Overall
What is Synchronisation
Synchronization : keeping all digital equipment in a
operate at the same clock rate, so that bits are not misread.
Time slot synchronization aligns the transmitter and receiver so
that time slots can be identified for retrieval of data.
Frame synchronization refers to the need of the transmitter and
receiver to be phase aligned so that the beginning of a frame can
be identified.
SLIP
Differences in timing at nodes within a network will
Voice
Fax
Data
Video
Encrypted
data
Wireless
Crackling
Incorrectly transmitted pages, missing characters
Low throughput (10ms 1.5s)
Picture freezes briefly
Re-transmission of
encryption code
Dropped calls and delayed handover
Synchronization of SDH
Network Elements
SDH Network Element
Internal
Oscillator
4.6 ppm
155 Mbit/s
Data Signal
2 Mbit/s
Data Signal
Osc.
Synchronous
SDH Signal
2 048 kHz
Central Clock
Synchronization Planning
Concept
In BSNL we have MNRC and BNRC
clockslocated at Mumbai and Delhi.
PRCs are located at SSA level.
BSNL adopted Master-slave/ centralized /
(Hierarchical Source-Receiver) architecture.
PRC
Synchronizationsupplyunit
SSU
SDH
equipment
clock
SEC
PDH
slave
clock
PDH
10-11
Accuracy
Primary
reference clock
10-9 (TNC)
10-8 (LNC)
4.6 x 10-6
G.812
TNC
SSU
SSU
G.811
PRC
G.812
LNC
Primary reference
clock
Slave clock
(transit node
clock)
G.812
TNC
G.812
LNC
G.812
LNC
G.812
LNC
Slave clock
(local node
clock)
Synchronisation
Performance Parameters
Slip : A slip is a bit error occurring as a
result of difference between the
incoming signal clock rate and node
clock rate.
Jitter: refers to phase variations in a
digital signal and is described in terms
of its amplitude and its frequency. This
effects in short term stability
Wander : If the jitter frequency is below
10 Hz then it is known as Wander. This
effects in long term stability
ERRORS in SDH
LOS
LOS Loss of Signal LOS is raised when the
synchronous signal (STM-N) level drops below
the threshold at which a BER of 1 in 103 is
predicted. It could be due to a cut cable,
excessive attenuation of the signal, or
equipment fault. The LOS state will clear
when two consecutive framing patterns are
received and no new LOS condition is
detected.
OOF
OOF Out of Frame Alignment OOF state
occurs when
several consecutive SDH frames are received
with invalid (errored) framing patterns (A1
and A2 bytes). The maximum time to detect
OOF is 625 microseconds.OOF state clears
within 250 microseconds
when two consecutive SDH frames are
received
with valid framing patterns.
LOF
LOP
AIS
AIS Alarm Indication AIS is an all-ONES characteristic or adapted
information signal. Its generated to replace the normal traffic
signal when it Signal contains a
defect condition in order to prevent consequential downstream
failures being
declared or alarms being raised.
AIS can be identified as:
MS-AIS (Multiplex Section Alarm Indication Signal)
AU-AIS (Administrative Unit Alarm Indication Signal)
TU-AIS (Tributary Unit Alarm Indication Signal).
RDI
RDI Remote Defect A signal returned to the transmitting
Terminating Equipment upon detecting a Loss of Signal, Loss
of Frame, or AIS defect.
Indication RDI was previously known as FERF (Far End
Receiver Failure).
RDI can be identified as:
MS-RDI (Multiplex Section Remote Defect Indication)
HP-RDI (Higher-order Path Remote Defect Indication)
LP-RDI (Lower-order Path Remote Defect Indication)
DWDM
HTTC VM
OBJECTIVE
VARIETIES OF WDM
DWDM SYSTEM FUNCTION
TRANSMISSION WINDOWS
DWDM SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES OF DWDM
DEVELOPMENT OF DWDM
Late
1990s
Mid
1990s
Early
1990s
Late
1980s
64-160 channels
25-50 GHZ spacing
16-40 channels 100-200 GHz spacing
Dense WDM, integrated systems with
Network Management, add-drop functions.
2-8 channels passive
WDM 200-400 GHz spacing
WDM components/parts
2 channels Wideband
WDM 1310 nm, 1550 nm
(D)WDM: RANGE
C- Band: 1530 to 1565 nm
(Conventional Band)
81 wavelengths are defined
Long band: 1565 to 1620 nm
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216
DWDM : ADVANTAGES
1. Multiple use of Fibres
2. Extremely high bit rate at low cost.
3. Format and bit rate transparency.
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217
Varieties of
WDMtransported
WDM systems
Early
two or four
wavelengths that were widely spaced. WDM and the
follow-on technologies of CWDM and DWDM
WDM
Traditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread
with 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 channel counts being the
normal deployments.
CWDM
Today, coarse WDM (CWDM) typically uses 20-nm
spacing (3000 GHz) of up to 18 channels.
DWDM
Dense WDM common spacing may be 200, 100,
50, or 25 GHz with channel count reaching up to
128 .
Fibre Connectors
21
9
Subscriber Connector
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
09/26/16
Applications
Ideal
in
cases
of
fibre
shortage
Extremely
high
transport Multiple
use
of
optical
and
maintenance costs.
Format
transparency
and
Transponder
A Transponder Terminal can be used to transmit a wide
OPTIONAL
REGENERATOR
O/E
Electrical
REGENERATION
E/O
TRANSPONDER / TRANSLATOR /
WAVELENGTH CONVERTOR
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222
Transponder application
IP
SDH
IP
Transponer
DWDM
MUX
DWDM
MUX
Transponer
SDH
ATM
ATM
PDH
PDH
SDH MUX
SDH MUX
NE of DWDM
Regenerators
Real 3 R regeneration (reshaping, retiming and
amplification) of the signal. Therefore, the signals
have to be demultiplexed, electrically regenerated
and multiplexed again. They are necessary if the
length to be bridged is too long to be covered only by
optical amplifiers, as these only perform reshaping
and retiming.
NE of DWDM
Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer
Adding and Dropping only specific wavelengths from
the joint optical signal. This may use complete demultiplexing or other techniques.
Optical cross-connects
To cater for the huge amount of data expected in an
optical network even the cross-connects have to
work on a purely optical level.
DWDM elements
BLOCK SCHEMATIC
OPTICAL
SIGNALS.
Tx
STM-1
STM-4
STM-16
ATM
IP
1
2
.
.
.
.
MUX
W
D
M
DEMUX
OFA
Rx
W
D
M
16
TRANSPONDERS
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228
229
TRANSMITTER/RECEIVER
MODULATOR
OPTICAL AMPLIFIER
MULTIWAVELENGTH OPTICAL REPEATER
TUNABLE WAVELENGTH LASERS
SWICTHES
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
09/26/16
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
231
Important Parameters
RETURN LOSS--- MOST OPTICAL OPTICAL DEVICES
232
REFLECT A PART OF THE SIGNAL BACK DOWN THE INPUT
FIBRE .THE AMOUNT OF POWER THAT IS REFLECTED AND
THUS LOST IS CALLED THE RETURN LOSS .
INSERTION LOSS---
Optical Couplers
Power(Output1) = Power(Input1)
Power(Output2) = (1- ) Power(Input1)
Power splitter if =1/2: 3-dB coupler
Used to construct simple optical switches
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233
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
234
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
235
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
236
23
Simple de-multiplexing
function
7
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
238
ADD/DROP MUX
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
239
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240
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
241
Diffraction gratings
source impinges on a diffraction grating ,each wavelength
is diffracted at a different angle
Using a lens, these wavelengths can be focused onto
individual fibers.
Less channel isolation between closely spaced wavelengths.
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TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
242
-- good performance
-- quicker design cycle time
09/26/16
TX-T/ALTTC/GZB
DWDM system.
DWDM is G.692 Grid.
C band is from 1530 to 1565 nm ( 35 nm ).
L band is from 1560 to 1620 nm.
1480 to 1510 is supervisiory channels.
Types of DWDMs 32 2.5 Gbps DWDM and 40
10 GBPS system.
40 10 GBPS DWDM system is equal to STM-64.
2.5GSDH
M
OA
OTM-1
U
O
D
U
OLA
OA
O
M
U
O
O
OTM-2
D
OA
U
OTU
2.5GSDH
OTU
OTU
OSC
OSC
OSC
2.5GSDH
OTU
O
D
U
O
MU
OA
O
D
U
O
M
U
OA
OA
OTU
2.5GSDH
OTU
2.5GSDH
2.5GSDH
2.5GSDH
OTU
In-Line Amplifier
Terminal Equipt
fixed
fixedOADM:
OADM:
2
2
1 2
2 2
2 1
1 1
Configurable
Configurable
OADM
OADM::
1 or
or2
1
1 2
2 2
2 1
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COUPLER
CIRCULATOR
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250
SWITCH
MATRIX
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
WAVELENGTH
TRIBUTAR
ALTTC / TX-1 / WDM ADAPTATION
Monday, September 2
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D N Sahay
6, 2016
Y LINKS
OUTPUT FIBRE
LINKS
INPUT FIBRE
LINKS
OPTICAL CROSSCONNECT
OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS
25
2
Isolator
Coupler
Erbium-doped
Fiber-(10-50 m)
Pump
laser
Coupler
DN
Isolator
Pump
laser
EDFA
1. Low noise.
2. Flat Gain.
3. Low cost.
4. Bidirectional amplifier.
5. 1550 nm Output.
6. Gain is 25 to 30 db.
7. Material used is silicon.
DSAF-2
OMU-32
ODU-32
OBA (2520)
OBA (1620)
OLA (2520)
OHP
Overhead processor
Process OH/ supervisory signal
NCPF
LACG/LACT
OHP
Overhead processor
Process OH/ supervisory signal
NCPF
LACG/LACT
DSAF T
2X 1GbE
Tunable
Transponder
FAN Unit
FCB
PWSB
OBJECTIVE
INTRODUCTION
FIBER TO THE X (FTTX)
WHY FTTH?
TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS FOR FTTH
ARCHITECTURE:
THE FEATURES OF DIFFERENT PON STANDARD
SERVICES ON FTTH NETWORK
Introduction
high-definition TV,
video on demand,
IPTV,
online gaming,
Introduction
FTTH Brings More Services
Text
E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E
D/W
C
A
B
I
N
E
T
P
I
L
L
E
R
D
P
Why FTTH?
Enormous information carrying capacity
Easily upgradeable
Allows fully symmetric services
Permanent External Plant
Reduced operations and maintenance costs
Benefits of optical fiber:
Very
long distances
Allows small diameter and light weight cables
Secure
Immune to electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Why FTTH?
It is a single fiber to the end user, providing
27
3
PON Architecture
Voice
Manageme
nt System
Dat
a
ONU
Other
Networks
Video
TD
M
ONU
PABX
1:32(64) Optical
Splitter
O
L
T
PO
N
TDMA
Dat
a
2G
BTS
ONU
0-20 Km physical reach (60 Km
logical reach supported by
protocol)
Centr
al
Office
Video/Audio
over IP
services
CATV
overlay
services
IP N/Ws
Optical Interface
200
POTS Lines,
301
ONT with CATV
AOLT-4000 Chassis
* BSNL requirement is 10 PON protected ports which can be provided through 3 GLCP
cards
Features
BPON
GPON
EPON
Responsible
Standard body
IEEE 802.3ah
Bandwidth
Down Stream up to
1.25 Gbps
Up Stream up to 1.25
Gbps
Downstream
1490 nm
Upstream
1310 nm
1310 nm
1310 nm
Layer-2
Protocols
ATM
Ethernet
Frame
ATM
Ethernet Frame
Max. Distance
(OLT to ONU )
20 km
10 and 20 Km.
Split Ratio
Line Codes
NRZ ( Scrambled )
NRZ ( Scrambled )
8B/10B
Downstream
Security
Not Defined
FEC
None
Yes
Yes
No. of fibers
1 or 2
1 or 2
Circuit Emulation
over Ethernet
TDM Support
Application Areas
Residential or Business Services
High
Speed Internet
Transparent LAN Service
Broadcast Video
Multi-Play (Voice, Video, Data etc.)
Private Line
TDM Telephony
IP Telephony (VoIP)
Wireless Services
Wireless backhaul over PON
Conclusion
PON is a leading new technology for broadband