Prime function of an exchange

The prime purpose of an exchange is to

provide a temporary path for simultaneous
and bi- directional transmission of speech
between
1. Subscriber lines connected to same
exchange (local switching)
2. Subscriber lines and trunks to other
exchange (outgoing trunk call)
3. Subscriber lines and trunks from other
exchanges (incoming trunk calls)
and
4. Pairs of trunks towards different exchanges
(transit switching)

Typical Exge. - Functions

Functions of an exchange are:
1. Setting up of 4 types of calls i.e switching
functions
2. Exchange of information with the external
environment (Subscriber lines or other
exchanges) i.e. signaling.
3. Processing the signaling information and
controlling the operation of signaling
network, i.e. control
4. Routing
and
5. Charging and billing

Utility of an Exchange
An electronic exchange can be used as
1. Local exchange
It has subscribers connected to it and circuits to
interface external world.
2. TAX exchange
It has only O/G and I/C circuits and no
subscribers connected to it.
3. Tandom exchange
These are basically exges between TAX & LE for
better management of traffic. These exges do
not connect subscribers.

4. Remote exchange
These exges are remotely connected to
Main Local exchnage by OF media

RSU

The Principle of an Electronic exchange

The electronic exchanges work on the

principle of SPC
( Stored Programme Control )

The Principle of an Electronic exchange

All the call processing functions are
performed on the basis of pre defined
programmes stored in the memory of
processors.
These memories will hold the
subscriber data , routing data ,
translation data , call records and
charging information etc

The Principle of an Electronic exchange

These memories are modifiable and the

control functions can always be rewritten
Because of this SPC function subcribers
also can modify their own data like Call
transfer , Dynamic locking -- etc

SPC Exchange

Terminal Equipment
Terminal equipment, provides on individual
basis for each subscriber line and for
interexchange trunk
In this equipment, line, trunk, and service
circuits are terminated, for detection,
signaling, speech transmission, and
supervision of calls.

Terminal Equipment
The Line Circuits carry out the functions of
supervising and providing battery feed to
each subscriber line.
The Trunk Circuits are used on outgoing,
incoming and transit calls .
Service Circuits perform specific functions,
like, transmission and reception of decadic
dial pulses or MF signals

SUBs Line interface

BORSCHT functions
B=Battery feed
O=Overload protection
R=Ringing current
S=Supervision of loop status
C= Coding and De-coding
H=Hybrid
T= Testing

SWITCHING NETWORK

In an electronic exchange, the switching

network is one of the largest sub-system
in terms of size of the equipment.

SWITCHING NETWORK
Switching, i.e.,
setting up temporary connection
between two or more exchange
terminations, and
Main functions are:

Transmission of speech and signals

between these terminations, with
reliable accuracy

SWITCHING NETWORK

Two types of electronic switching system

Space division switching

Time division switching

SPACE DIVISION SWG

In this a continuous physical path is

set up between input and output
terminations.
This path is separate for each
connection and is held for the entire
duration of the call

SPACE DIVISION SWG

Path for different connections is
independent of each other.
Once a continuous path has been
established., Signals are interchanged
between the two terminations.

TIME DIVISION SWG

In Time Division Switching, a number

of calls share the same path on time
division sharing basis
The path is not separate for each call
rather , is shared sequentially for a
fraction of time by different calls

TIME DIVISION SWG

Time division switching is based on the
SAMPLING theorem
Voice frequency = 0.3 to 4 Khz
Sampling frequency = 2 x 4 = 8 Khz
Time period for sampling of one PCM = 1/8000
= 125 micro sec.
One PCM contains 32 time slots
Time period for one time slot
= 125/32 = 3.9 micro sec

TIME DIVISION SWG

This process is repeated periodically at a
suitable high rate.
The repetition rate is 8 Khz .
The PCM switching is popularly called
Digital Switching.

Time Division switching

 A Digital switching system, in general,

is one, in which signals are switched in
digital form. These signals may represent
speech or data
The digital signals of several speech
samples are time multiplexed on a
common media before being switched
through the system.
RTTC, HYD

Digital switching.. Contd.

To connect any two subscribers, it is
necessary to interconnect the timeslots of the two speech samples
which may be on same or different
PCM highways.

Digital switching.. Contd

The digitalised speech samples are
switched in two modes.
1. Space switching
2. Time switching

TYPES OF DIGITAL SWITCHES

DIGITAL SPACE SWITCH
DIGITAL TIME SWITCH

SWITCHING of
TS6 HW1 to TS18 HW2

RTTC, HYD

Space-switching mode
TSi of an I/C HWY, say HWY1, is switched
to same time-slot, TSi of an O/G HWY,
SAY HWY2. Obviously there is no delay in
switching of the sample from one highway
to another highway since the sample
transfer takes place in the same time-slot
of the PCM frame.

RTTC, HYD

 DIGITAL SPACE SWITCH

it is a PCM Highway changer

Time Switching
TSx of an I/C Highway can be connected
to a different time-slot., TSy, of the
outgoing highway.
Time switching involves the
interconnection of different time slots on
the incoming and outgoing highways

RTTC, HYD

 DIGITAL TIME SWITCH

it is basically a Time slot changer

The commonly used combination

is
TST

Switching Network Configuration of

some Modern Switches
E10B
EWSD
AXE10
CDOT
5ESS
OCB

M/s Alcatel, France

T-S-T
M/s Siemens, Germany T-S-S-S-T
M/s Ericsson , Sweden T-S-T
M/s CDOT , India
T-S-T
M/s Lucent, USA
T-S-T
M/s Alcatel, France
T

Central control processor

It is high speed data processing unit that
controls the operation of the switching
network.
It consists of programme store , data
store , Translation store

RTTC, HYD

Block schematic of a switching processor

To Switching Network

Central control Processor

Programme
Store

Translation
Store

Data Store

Central control processor

Programme store :
In this , sets of instructions, called
programmes, are stored. The programmes
are interpreted and executed by the
central control.
it is a semi permanent memory .

RTTC, HYD

Central control processor

Data store :
Data Store provides for the temporary
storage of transient data, required in
processing telephone calls, such as digits
dialed by the subscriber, busy / idle states
of lines and trunks etc.
Data Stores is temporary memory

RTTC, HYD

Central control processor

Translation Store : It contains information
regarding lines e.g. category of calling and
called line routing code, charging
information, etc.
Translation store is a semi-permanent
type memory

RTTC, HYD

Central control processor

The information in the Semi-permanent
memories does not change during the
processing of the call.
But the information in Data Store changes
continuously with origination and
termination of each call

RTTC, HYD

Switching peripherals
These are interface circuits between
common control system , terminal equpt
and switching network.
Switching peripherals :
Scanners
Markers
Distributors
Bus system
RTTC, HYD

Switching peripherals

Scanners : ( 300 ms)

Its purpose is to detect and inform CC of
all significant events / signals on
subscriber lines and trunks connected to
the exchange

RTTC, HYD

Switching peripherals

Marker :
Marker performs physical setup and
release of paths through the switching
network, under the control of CC

RTTC, HYD

Switching peripherals

Distributor :
It is a buffer between high - speed - low power CC and relatively slow-speed-highpower signaling terminal circuits

RTTC, HYD

Switching peripherals
Bus system : Various switching
peripherals are connected to the central
processor by means of a common system.
A bus is a group of wires on which data
and commands pulses are transmitted
between the various sub- units of a
switching processor or between switching
processor and switching peripherals.
RTTC, HYD

Data processing peripherals

These are for man machine dialogue for
operator an maintenance of exchange.
1.Man machine dialogue tmls: TTY & VDU
2.Data storage peripherals : Magnetic
tape/ disc , Data catridges.
3. Maintenance peripherals : alarm panel
and special consoles.
RTTC, HYD

Redundancy techniques
Redundancy is a common approach to
improve the reliability and availability of a
system.
There are different standby methods are
available in control structure of
exchanges.
RTTC, HYD

Redundancy techniques
Redundancy techniques
1. Hot standby redundancy
2. N+1 redundancy
3. Load sharing

RTTC, HYD

ANY QUESTIONS ???