DIGITAL SWITCHING

SYSTEMS

Telecommunication
network

It may be considered as a
system consisting of three
interacting subsystems as
follows
Transmission
Switching
Signaling

Telecommunication Network
It can be classified as
1. National Network
2. International Network

 National Network consists of

1. Public Network
2. Private Network

 Public Network : These are for Public

use.
It can be classified into
A ) PSTN
B ) PLMN
C ) PSDN

 PSTN :
Public switched telephone network
It is mainly for voice . It is also
known as
fixed nework .

 PLMN : Public land mobile network .

It is for Mobile communication . It
consists of GSM ( Global System for
mobile communication ) and
CDMA ( Code Division Multiple
Access )

 PSDN : Public Switched Data Network

.
It is packet switched network for
data communication

Private Network
Private branch exge are owned by
private / government agencies.
PBX is also known as PABX / EPABX
PBX is connected to nearby PSTN
exge by a access line.

Evolution of Electronic
exchanges
Manual exchanges :The earliest
telephone exchanges used
switchboards worked by operators.
The manual exchange was unique
among switching systems, since a
single switch (i.e., the operator)
could make a connection to any of
several thousand lines by inserting a
plug in a jack within arms reach

 Strowger exchange : The first

automatic exchange which has
electromechanical components /
switches controlled by telephone
relays.
Disadvantages :
Bulk in size , large number of
mechanical parts, limited availablity

 Crossbar exchange :
Crossbar exchange improved upon
many short- comings of the Strowger
system. A large number of moving
parts were replaced. This made the
exchange smaller in size, volume and
weight, faster and reliable, highly
flexible, noise-free, easily manageable
with no preventive maintenance etc.

 The First electronic exchange

employing Space-Division switching
(Analog switching) was
commissioned in 1965 at
Succasunna, New Jersey. This
exchange used one physical path for
one call and, hence, full availability
could still not be achieved.

 The first digital exchange was

commissioned in 1970 in Brittany,
France.
It employs Time-Division switching
(Digital Switching) .

Types of telephone
exchanges
Manual exchanges,
Electromechanical Strowger, Crossbar
Electronic Analog 1ESS ( USA )
Electronic Digital EWSD-Siemens, (Germany) ,
OCB-283 (Alcatel) France,
AXE10 (Ericsson) Sweden,
NEC, NEAX (Japan),
5ESS (Bell Labs ) USA.

CDOT(India).

ADVANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES
ELECTRO MECHANICAL
EXCHANGES

ELECTRONIC
EXCHANGES

Lot of swg noice

noiceless

Long Installation &

Testing time

Short Installation
&testing time

Swg speed is in milli

seconds

In micro seconds

Testing is done
manually and Time
consuming

Testing is carried out

automatically

Any change in

Changes can be carried

External plant structure

in
Local telephone
exchange

Basic Diagram for Telephone Exchange

Power
Plant

Switch
Room

Eng
/Alt
Battery-A

Battery-B

OMC

MDF

Extnl.
plant

Telephone Network

External plant
It comprises equipment from MDF to rosselt
of the telephone such as
1. U/G cable section : MDF to Distribution
BOX
2. O/H line section : DP to subs premises
3. Internal wiring

PILLARS
One exchange can have any number
of pillars that are necessitated based
on the topography of that exchange
external plant
U/G cables that connect the MDF and
pillars are called as Primary cables.
U/G cables that connect the pillar
and the DPs in that pillar area are
called as Distribution cables.

DP
A DPs capacity can be 1,2,5,10,20 or 50
pairs.
Each DP is given a 4 digit number, in which
the first 2 digits indicate the pillar number
in which that DP is working.
Through a Drop wire ,the connection is
extended into customer premises.
Distribution point is the last point in local
Cable network from where subscriber line is
connected

DP

Main Distribution Frame

MDF will have two sides ie Line & Exge
sides.
All cable copper pairs supplying services
through user telephone lines are
terminated at the Line side of the MDF .
( 100 pairs / tag block ).
Exchange side cables are terminated at
Exge side of the MDF.
Line side and exge side are
interconnected by jumper wires.

Main Distribution
Frame( MDF)

Customer Premises equipment

( CPE )
It is any equipment / terminal located
at Subs premises .
for ex : telephone instruments ,
switches / routers , set top boxes and
Network terminals.

Digital distribution frame

In fixed networks, a DDF is installed
between the exchange and
transmission equipment to interface
E1 connectivity.

MAIN SERVICES FROM AN

EXCHANGE
BASIC TELEPHONY
ISDN ( Integrated services digital
network)
IN (Intelligent network) services
CENTREX

Intelligent network
Basically Intelligent Network provides
additional services like VCC , FPH to
the customers.
These services can support many
business / general communication
facilities.

IN Services

VCC virtual card calling

FPH toll free no / free phone
VPN virtual private network
VOT
televoting
UAN universal access number
ACC account card calling
UPN universal personal number

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network.
ISDN is defined by CCITT (International
Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee ) as an end to end digital
network that provide range of services.

ISDN is a digital network that

integrates voice , data and video
information as to provide variety of
communication services.

ISDN principle
ISDN is a electrical line concept .
As you connect many electric devices
to electrical line you can connect
various telecom service devices to
one ISDN line.
There are two types of ISDN .

Basic rate interface

BRI

Primary rate interface PRI

ISDN
In ISDN voice and data are carried by
barrer channels known as B channel .
Band width of B channel = 64 kbps
Data channel ( D channel ) for
signalling and control function.
Band width of D channel
= 16
kbps /64kbps

ISDN
ISDN BRI = 2 B + D ( data = 16
kbps )
ISDN PRI = 30 B + D ( data = 64
kbps )

ISDN Services BRI

Basic Rate Interface (BRI)
Two 64 Kbps B channels, one 16 Kbps D channel.
Available data bandwidth: 128 Kbps (2 x 64 Kbps)
User bandwidth: 144 Kbps (128 Kbps + a 16 Kbps D channel)

Each B channel can be used for separate

applications
Such as Internet and Voice

Allows individual B channels to be aggregated

together into a Multilink channel

ISDN BRI

ISDN Devices

Terminal Adapter (TA) - Converter device that converts

standard electrical signals into the form used by ISDN allows non-ISDN devices to operate on an ISDN
network.
Terminal Equipment Type 1 (TE1) - Compatible with the
ISDN network. Example:Telephones, personal
computers, fax machine or videoconferencing machine.
Terminal Equipment Type 2 (TE2) - Not compatible with
the ISDN network. Example: Analog phone or modem,
requires a TA (TE2 connects to TA).
Network termination type 1 & 2 (NT1 and NT2) - A
small connection box that physically connects the
customer site to the telco local loop, provides a fourwire connection to the customer site and a two-wire
connection to the network (PRI CSU/DSU).

ISDN Components and

Reference Points

ISDN
U - Two wire cable that connects the
customers equipment to the
telecommunications provider
R - Point between non-ISDN
equipment (TE2) and the TA
S - Four-wire cable from TE1 or TA to
the NT1 or NT2
T - Point between NT1 and NT2

ISDN
Network termination type 1 & 2 (NT1 and NT2)
A small connection box that physically
connects the customer site to the local loop,
provides a four-wire connection to the
customer site and a two-wire connection to
the network .
S/T - uses 4 wires (two for sending and 2
for receiving)
U uses 2 wires .
NT provides 2W / 4W conversion function

Advantages of ISDN
Ensures digital connectivity
Faster call setup
High quality voice , high speed data
and image transfer.
Video conferencing at 128 , 384 and
512 kbps

PCM PRINICIPLES

MODULATION

 Basic modal for transportation of information

source infn
sink

trans-

recei

Infn in the electrical form is message signal

( modulating signal )

Modulation
Message signal is not suitable for
transmission over the medium in its
original form.
Modulation is a process of relocation of
message signal in a carrier wave which
is more suitable for transmission.
Modulation enables multiple message
signals to be transmitted
simultaneously over the same medium
without interfering with each other

Modulation
In modulation process one of the
characteristics ( amplitude ,
frequency or phase ) of a carrier
wave is made to change as per
instantaneous amplitude of the
message signal ( modulating signal )

MULTIPLEXING TYPES
There are basically two types of
Multiplexing techniques .
1. Frequency Division Multiplexing
2. Time Division Multiplexing

FDM

Is the process of
translating individual
speech circuits (3003400Hz) into pre assigned
slots within the bandwidth
of transmission medium.

FDM

FDM
process

FDM demultiplexing
example

FDM

FDM techniques find their

applications in analogue
transmission systems.An
analog transmission
system is used to transmit
continuously varying
signals.

TDM
The process where a
transmission medium is
shared by a number of
circuits in time domain by
establishing a sequence of
time slots during which
individual channels can be
transmittedThus the entire
bandwidth is periodically
available to each channel

TDM

PCM- PULSE CODE MODULATION

DEFINITION:
Pulse
code
modulation (PCM) is essentially
analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion
where the information contained in
the instantaneous samples of an
analog signal is represented by
digital words in a serial bit stream.

EKT343-Principles of
Communication Engineering

59

Pulse Code Modulation

The basic steps to PCM:

--filtering
Sampling
Quantization
Encoding
Line coding

60

Filtering

Filters are used to limit the speech

signal to the frequency band.

Bandwidth
Bandwidth (Bw) refers to the width of
a signal, which is determined by
taking the difference between the
highest frequency of the signal and
its lowest frequency.
A voice signal is usually though of as
a signal between 0 and 4000 Hz (Bw
= 4000 Hz).
62

Sampling
Sampling refers to how often measurements are
taken of the input analog signal.
Sampling Theorem states that an analog signal
should be sampled at a rate at least twice its
highest frequency.
In telecommunications, the network was
designed to handle signals between 0 and 4000
Hz.
Sampling frequency = 8000 cycles / sec
Time period for Samplig = 1/ 8000 = 125
micro.sec
63

SAMPLING THEOREM
If a band limited signal is sampled
at regular intervals of time and at a
rate equal to or more than twice the
highest signal frequency in the band,
then the sample contains all the
information of the original signal
Fs= >2fH

PCM Block Diagram

EKT343-Principles of
Communication Engineering

65

Quantization
The output of a sampler is PAM
signals. This type of transmission is
susceptible to noise interference.
Hence, in PCM systems ,PAM signals
are converted into digital form by
using quantization principles.

Quantization
It is a process of breaking down a
continuous amplitude range into a
finite number of amplitude
intervals . ( quantizing interval ) and
assigning a level to each interval .

67

 Sampling

Analog
Input
Signal
Sample

ADC

Quantize
111
110
101
100
011
010
001
000

Encode

Makes the signal discrete in

time.
If the analog input has a
bandwidth of B Hz, then the
minimum sample frequency
such that the signal can be
reconstructed without
distortion, fs >= 2B

Quantization
Makes the signal discrete in
amplitude.
Round off to one of q discrete
levels.

Encode

Digital Output
Signal
111 111 001 010 011 111 011

Maps the quantized values to

digital words that are n bits
long.

EKT343-Principles of
Communication Engineering

68
Eeng 360

68

Encoding
Conversion of quantized analogue
levels to binary signal is called
encoding .
In practical systems quantization and
encoding is a combined process
which is done by a circuit called
CODER

Line coding
For transmission of the digital signals
, the 1 s and 0 s of the signal are
transmitted in the form of pulses.

Line coding

4 Steps Process

EKT343-Principles of
Communication Engineering

72

Line codes
Some line codes are given
below
NRZ Binary Code
RZ Binary
Bipolar Coding (Alternate Mark
Inversion: AMI Code)
HDB-3 (High-Density Bipolar Code )
CMI Code (Coded Mark Inversion)

PCM Standards
THERE ARE TWO STANDARDS OF PCM
NAMELY
1) THE EUROPEAN
2 ) THE AMERICAN.
THEY DIFFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF
THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE
THE SAME.
EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS
NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS
IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM
OF 30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Voice Frequency range 0- 4 Khz
Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz
(Double the Max. Frequency as per
sampling theorem) i.e. 8000s/sec
Sampling time period Ts=1sec/8000
Ts= 125 microsec
Time available for sampling each
channel, when we have N total
channels=125/N
In PCM, Time frame=125microsec
;time available per chl=125/32
=3.9microsec.
TS0= FAW , T16 = signalling

Frame Structure

TS
00

TS01
ch1

TS02
ch2

Sync

TS03
ch3

TS15
ch15

TS
16

TS17
ch16

Speech
Signalling

R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

76
R.T.T.C. HYDERABAD

TS18
ch17

TS19
ch18

TS30
ch29

TS31
ch30

Speech

76

frame
One full set of samples for all
channels taken within the duration Ts
is called a "frame". Thus the set of all
first samples of all channels is one
frame; the set of all second samples
is another frame and so on .

frame
A Frame of 125 micro sec duration has 32
time slots . Information for providing
synchronization between trans and receive
ends is passed through a separate time
slot which is called FAW .
The time slot 16 of each frame carries the
signaling data corresponding to two VF
channels only. Therefore, to cater for 30
channels, we must transmit 15 frames,
each having 125 micro-seconds duration.

Multiframe
For carrying synchronization data for
all frames, one additional frame is
used. Thus a group of 16 frames
(each of 125 micro seconds) is
formed to make a "multi-frame".
The duration of a multi-frame is 2
milliseconds.

Multiframe
The multi-frame has 16 frames of
each 125 microseconds duration.
Each of these frames has 32 time
slots carrying, the encoded samples
of all channels plus the signaling and
synchronization data.
Each sample has eight bits of
duration and each bit is of 0.488
microseconds (3.9/8 = 0.488)

E1 / 30 chl PCM / 2 Mbps

stream
We have 32 time slots in a frame; each slot
carries an 8 bit word.
The total number of bits per frame = 32 x 8
= 256
The total number of frames per seconds is
8000
The total number of bits per second is 256 x
8000 = 2048 K/bits.
Thus, a 30 channel PCM system has 2048 K
bits/sec.

PSTN HIERACHY

Utility of an Exchange
An electronic exchange can be used as
1. Local exchange
It has subscribers connected to it and
circuits to interface external world.
2. TAX exchange
It has only O/G and I/C circuits and no
subscribers connected to it.
3. Tandom exchange
These are basically exges between TAX &
LE for better management of traffic. These
exges do not connect subscribers.

4. Remote exchange
These exges are remotely connected
to Main Local exchnage by OF media

RSU

TELECOM NETWORK
The telephone network is also
referred as Public Switched Telecom
Network ( P S T N )
The hierarchical manner of the PSTN
Lel 1 TAX Lev 2 TAX
TandemLocal exge
Lev 1 TAX international
gateway/satellite ,submarine cables

Types of telephone exchanges

Electronic Digital EWSD-Siemens, (Germany) ,
OCB-283 (Alcatel) France (Organde control B
ver)
AXE10 (Ericsson) Sweden,
NEC, NEAX (Japan),
5ESS (Bell Labs ) USA.
CDOT(India). ( Centre for development of

Telematics)

Facilities to Customers

Dynamic locking facility

Detailed Billing ( CDR )
Call forwarding / Call transfer
Call waiting
Conference call
CLIP (Calling Line Identification)
Abbreviated Dialing
Malicious Call Identification
Morning alarm
Hot Line (With and with out
Time-out)