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UNIT 2: Infancy and

Toddlerhood
MODULE 12 Physical
Development of Infants and
Toddlers

A baby is Gods

opinion that life must go


on

- Carl Sandburg

Introduction
We have just trace the

developmental process before birth.


We shall continue to trace the
developmental process by following
the infant or the baby who is just
born up to when he reaches age 2

activity
Take a learning partner and

together study the figure on


the next page. Look closely
at the changes in the sizes
of the human body parts as
a person grows.

ANALYSIS
1.What do you notice about the size

of the head in relation to other


parts of the body as a person
grows older.
2.Does physical development begin
from the top or below? From the
side to the center? Explain your
answer.

Cephalocaudal and
Proximodistal Patterns
Cephalocaudal Trend- is the postnatal
growth from conception to 5 months
when the head grows more than the body.

Proximodistal trend- is the prenatal growth from 5 months to


birth when the fetus grows from
the inside of the body outwards.
It refers to the development of
motor skills from the center of
the body.

Cephalocaudal Trend 2months-5 months

Height and Weight


Its normal for newborn
babies to drop 5 to 10
percent of their body
weight within a couple of
weeks birth. That is due
to babys adjustment to
neonatal feeding.
Breastfed babies are
typically heavier than
bottle-fed babies
through the first six
months. After six
months, breastfed
babies usually weight

In general, an infants
length increases by about
30 percent in the first five
months.
A babys weight usually
triples during the first
year but slows down in
the second year of life.
Low percentages are not
a cause for alarm as long
as infants progress along
a natural curve of steady
development.

Brain Development
Among the most dramatic changes in the

brain in the first two years of life are the


spreading connections of dendrites to each
other.

Myelination or Myelinization
-the process by which the axons are covered
and insulated by layers of fat cells, begins
prenatally and continues after birth.

Process of myelination increases the


speed at which information travels
through the nervous system.
At birth, the newborns brain is about
25 percent of its adult weight. By the
second birthday, the brain is about 75%
of its adult weight.
Shortly after birth, a babys brain
produces trillions more connection
between neurons than it can possibly
use.

Motor Development
Along this aspects of motor
development,infants and toddlers,to grow
motor skills and fine motor skills.

Reflexes
-The newborn has some basic reflexes which
are, of course automatic, and serve as
survival mechanism before they have the
opportunity to learn.

Sucking
Reflex
-is initiated
when
something
touches the
roof of an
infants
mouth.

Cli
ck
pic
ico
tu r
nt
e
oa

dd

Rooting
Reflex
- is most evident
when an infants
cheek is stroked.
The baby
responds by
turning his or
her head in the
direction of the
touch and
opening their for
feeding.

Grippin
g Reflex
-Babies will
grasp
anything
that is
placed in
their palm.

Curling
Reflex
-When the
inner sole of
a babys foot
is
stroked,the
respond by
curling
his/her toe.

Startle /
Moro Reflex

- infants
will
respond to
sudden
sounds are
movement
s by
throwing
their arms
and legs
out, and
throwing

Galant
Reflex
- is shown
when an
infants
middle or
lower back
is stroked
next to the
spinal cord.

Tonic Neck
Reflex
-is
demonstrate
d in infants
who are
placed on
their
abdomens.

Gross Motor Skills- dramatic motor


development is shown in babies unable to
even lift their heads to being able to grab
things off the cabinet, to chase the ball and to
walk away from parent.
Fine Motor Skills- skills that involve a friend
use of the small muscles controlling the hand,
fingers and thumb. The development of these
skills allows one to be able to complete tasks
such as writing, drawing and buttoning.

Fine Motor Skills

Can newborns see?


The newborns vision is about 10 to 30 times

lower than normal adult vision. By 6 months of


age, vision becomes better and by the first
birthday, the infants vision approximates that
of an adult.
Infants look at different things for different
lengths of time. Among the first few things
that babies learn to recognize is their
mothers face, as mother feeds and nurses
them.

Can
newborns
hear?
The sense of
hearing in an infant
develops much
before the birth of
the baby. When in
the womb, the baby
hears his/her
mothers
heartbeats, the
grumbling of his/her
stomach, the
mothers voice and
music.
Infants sensory
thresholds are
somewhat higher
than those of adult
which means that
stimulus must be
louder to be heard
by a newborn than

Can newborns
differentiate
odors?

-Young infants who


were breastfed
showed a clear
preference for
smelling their
mothers breast pad
when they were 6
days old. This
shows that it
requires several
days experience
several days of
experience to
recognize their
mothers breast pad
odor.

newborns
feel pain?
Do they
respond to
touch?

-They do feel pain.


-Babies respond to
touch. Newborn
automatically sucks
an object placed in
his/her mouth
makes the newborn
turn his/her head
toward the side that
was touched in an
apparent effort to
find something to
suck.

Can newborns distinguish the different tastes?

Do infants relate information


through several senses?
Intermodal perception is the ability to relate,

connect and integrate information about two


or more sensory modalities such as vision
and hearing.
This capacity for intermodal perception or
ability to connect information coming
through various modes gets sharpened
considerably through experience.

PHYSICAL HEALTH
0-6 months
Reacts to pain crying
Reacts with surprise when in contact with something

cold.

7-12 months
Making a face when he/she smells something foul

13-18 months
Participates actively in games, outdoor play and other
exercise.

19-24 months
Sustains physical activity ( dancing , outdoor games,
swimming ) for atleast 3-5 minutes.

GROSS MOTOR SKILLS


0-6 months
Rolls over

7-12 months
Stands without support
Bends over easily without falling

13-18 months
Jumps in a place
Climbs onto steady elevated surface

19-24 months
Kicks a ball with control direction

FINE MOTOR SKILLS


0-6 months
Hands open most of the time.

7-12 months
Grasps objects with the same hand all the time

13-18 months
Unwraps candy/food

19-24 months
Colors with strokes going out of the lines

PERSONAL CARE AND


HYGIENE
O-6 months
Sucks and swallows milk from breast/bottle.

7-12 months
Holds a feeding bottle in himself

13-18 months
Drinks from cup unassisted
Removes shoe/sandals
Brushes teeth after meals with assistance from adult

19-24 months
Removes socks
Brushes teeth after meals with adult supervision

LANGUAGE (EXPRESSIVE
LANGUAGE)
0-6 months
Uses gestures ( stretching his/her arms , pointing)to
indicate what he/she wants.

7-12 months
Repeats sounds produced by others
Says meaningful works like papa , mama to refer to
specific persons.

13-18 months
Speaks in single word

19-24 months
Uses pronouns

PRE-READING AND PREMATH ( MATCHING)


7-12 months
Able to match 2 identical objects
19-24 months
Matches identical objects
Matches identical pictures

REFLECTION
As a future parent or caregiver of children:

1.What you should do more often for infants


and toddlers?
2. Explain .
:A baby is gods opinion that life must go on
-Carl Sandburg

Thank You Po !

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