PRIMARY AND BACK UP PROTECTION

Primary protection - First line of defence - may fail due to failure of CT/PT/CB
Back up protection second line of defence located at different place wait to operate
for primary operating time(OT) of BU is equal to OT of Primary protection + OT of CB

CBB for BC section of Transmission Line RB is Primary Protection

RA is Back up protection for BC
At Fault in BC Both RA and RB operating simultaneously at starting RB and
CBB trips successfully - Loads at A and B unaffected RA and CBA resets
without trip command
If RB and CBB does not operate, RA waits for till would have to trip by RB and

CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRIPPING CIRCUIT

CURRENT TRANSFORMER

Step down to handle relay

Secondary in 1A / 5A
Isolates relay circuit from
HV
Creates phase angle error
and ratio error

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CHARACTERISTICS

Higher excitation saturates CT for

Measurement
High sensitive for lower values for
protection

Fall of secondary current after full load

for Measurement
Proportional increase of secondary
current for Protection

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Step down to safe value to system

and Personnel
Creates phase angle error and ratio
error

EE1019 POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

OVER VIEW OF CHAPTERS
UNIT-1

INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION SCHEME

FAULTS RELAYS SCHEMES QULAITIES
CLASSIFICATIONS RECLOSING TRANSFORMERS RELAY
TERMINOLOGIES
UNIT -2

RELAYS
TYPES CONCEPTS -CHARACTERISTICS - ADVANTAGES

UNIT-3

PROTECTION
TYPES OF SCHEMES APPARATUS PROTECTION CARRIER
PROTECTION

UNIT-4

SWITCH GEAR
CURRENT INTERRUPTION CONCEPTS CIRCUIT
BREAKERS
FUSES CONSTRUCTION SELECTION AND TESTING UNIT-5
MODERN TRENDS IN PROTECTION
TYPES
STATIC RELAYS COMPONENTS MICROPROCESSOR AND
COMPUTER BASED SCHEMES SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION -

LESSON PLAN
UNIT-1
Introduction to Protection Schemes

DATE
30.06.2015
30.06.2015
06.07.2015
07.07.2015
07.07.2015
13.07.2015

TOPICS
Protective system, faults
Relays, Qualities of
Protection
Protection Schemes
Protection Schemes
Transformers
Relay Terminologies
Summary of Unit-1

Protective System
Need for the System

To protect the equipment like generators, transformers etc., from damages

To isolate quickly the faulty section and to keep healthy of remains in normal
To maintain synchronism in an interconnected system
To provide protection from abnormal conditions
To provide alarm for certain fault before to become serious
(incipient fault in transformer)

Faults
Nature
Insulation Failures
(Short)
Conduction path
failures (open)

Causes
Lightning, Object
falling, Birds,
Insulators failures,
opening of
conductors,
tripping of CB,
quality of
components etc.,

Effects
Heavy short circuit
Arc
Reduction of voltage
Unbalancing of voltages
Loss of stability
Interruption of supply

Types
Symmetrical
Unsymmetrical
Open type
Simultaneous

Statistics
Elements

Probability of
faults (%)

Over Head line

50

Under Ground
Cable

Transformer

10

Generator

Switch Gear

12

CT / PT/Relays

12

Total

100

Relays
Evolution
YEAR

RELAYS

Before 1920

Attracted armature
type

1920
1939
1947

Induction disc types

inverse time relays
Induction cup type,
Polarised DC Relays
Rectifier and
Comparators used

1949

Transistorized Relays

1956

Vacuum Tubes used

Classification
(Terminology based)

Classification
(Function based)

Electro Magnetic
Relays

Over Current Relays

Static Relays

Under Voltage Relays

Micro Processor based

Relays

Impedance Relays
Under Frequency
Relays
Directional Relays

QUALITIES OF RELAYS

SR
Selectivi
tyto
Able
discriminate
Fault, normal
And
abnormal
conditions
Able to
distinguish
zones of
Protection
Back up
Protection

Sensitivi
ty
Should
operate when
the current
exceeds the
preset value
occurs
Should not
operate when
the value is
below the
preset value

Stability
Should
remain in
stable for
large current
and fault not
in zone

Speed
Should
operate fast
to isolate the
faulty section
to minimise
damage and
maintain
stability
Operation of
relay is
typically
1 cycle (20 ms),
cycle (10 ms)
More for
distribution
systems

Reliabilit
yMust operate
when fault
occurs
Typical value
95%

PROTECTION SCHEMES
OVER CURRENT PROTECTION
relay operates when current exceeds pick up value
protects distribution line, Motors, equipments etc.,
one or more relays are used
DISTANCE PROTECTION
used for Transmission and Sub Transmission lines (33kV, 66kV
and 132 kV)
Measures distance between fault point and relay point in terms
of impedance
Relay operates if fault within protected line
CARRIER CURRENT PROTECTION
Used for EHV and UHV lines(>132kV)
carrier signal 50 to 500 kc/s
Information such as direction of fault current are sent to far end
it does not trip for external faults
Tripping operation is controlled by carrier signal
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

AUTO RECLOSING

Intentional re energisation
Break down of insulation(String Insulator) L-G fault
Intentional re energisation Reclosure - arc path is
deionized by disconnection
Fault resistance - Resistance of arc air velocity time
Over
head line faults are transient due to lightning fault with arc if line is
current(fault)
disconnected arc is extinguished CB reclosed to restore supply EHV lines one instantaneous reclosure 12C is recommended .
33kV object falling object to burn clearly more reclosure needed 15
120 s intervals .
Statistics
80% cleared for one reclosure
10% cleared for two reclosures
2% cleared for three reclosures
8% for permanent faults
Reclosure is not for cables

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Step down to handle relay reducing the current values
suitable for relay
Secondary in 1A / 5A
Isolates relay circuit from HV
Creates phase angle error and ratio error
Measurement CT requires accurate over normal values
Protection CT requires to have correct ratio accuracy is not
important for lower values
NI I
% Error S P x100
IP

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Step down to safe value to system and Personnel
Creates phase angle error and ratio error

PT Secondary 110 V
Ratio & Phase angle errors Voltage drop due to
mag & p.f of secondary burden.
Types:
Electromagnetic Type Upto 132 kV,
Capacitor Type(CCVT) 132 kV & Above
Capacitance Voltage Divider L (to reduce
Ratio & Phase Angle Errors,
Opto - Electronic Type (Electronic VT)

SUMMATION TARNSFORMER
To derive single phase quantity from three phase quantity
Primary windings of summation transformer connected to
output of current transformer
Turns between R & Y = Turns between Y & B
More turns between B & N

I out ( N 2) I R ( N 1) I Y NI B
K 0 I 0 K1 I 1 K 2 I 2
whereK 0 3( N 1)
K1 2 a 2
K2 2 a

CERTAIN RELAY TERMINOLOGY

Relay Automatic device by an electric circuit is indirectly controlled and
is governed by
change in the quantity of same or another electric circuit.
Protective relay an automatic device which detects an abnormal
condition of a circuit
and causes CB to isolate the faulty element
Pick up threshold value above which the relay operates
Operating Time time elapses from the instant at which actuating
quantity exceeds to
instant relay
closes
contacts
Primary the
protectionIf a fault
occurs
it should clear the fault acts as first
line of defence Back up protection- If primary protection fails, it should clear the fault acts as second line
of defence
Inverse Definite
Minimum Time Relay - Relay gives inverse time
characteristics at lower
values and definite time
characteristics for higher
values of operating current
Reach- connection with distance relays relay operates when impedance
as seen by relay
is less than preset value - this preset impedance and corresponding

CERTAIN RELAY TERMINOLOGY

Contd..
Burden -

power consumed by the relay circuit at rated current

Blocking - prevention of tripping of the relay due to the operation of

an additional relay
Unit system of Protection - one which is able to detect and response to
fault occuring
only within its own zone of protection does
not respond for
fault beyond its zone of protection - examples are differential
protection for alternator and transformer etc.,
Protective Scheme consists of several protection schemes to
protect one or
more elements of power system

FAULTS - CLASSIFICATIONS
occurence (5%)

Frequently to
occur (85%)
occurence (8%)

rare to occur (2%)

INSULATOR FAILURE

INTERCONNECTED SYSTEM

Reliable
Provides economic
dispatch
Various types of
Generators connected
EHV connecting tie lines,
two or more generators
L.V. Radial network
Needs synchronism
state

DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

Used for Generators, transformers, large sized Motors etc.,

CTs placed on both sides
CT secondaries connected to relay
Relay compares entering current and leaving current it is same for
external faults and normal condition but due to internal fault it is not
equal the difference in currents actuates the relay

STATISTICS OF FAULTS
Occurrence
(%)

Faults

Elements

Probability of
faults (%)

L-G

85

Over Head line 50

L-L

Under Ground
Cable

L-L-G

Transformer

10

L-L-L

Generator
7
Switch Gear
12
CT / PT/Relays 12

VOLTAGE AT RELAY LOCATION DUE TO

VARIOUS FAULTS
More fall of line and phase
voltages in all phases

fall of line and phase voltages in

faulted phases
Increase of line voltage with
healthy phase

fall of phase voltage in

faulted phase
Decrease of line voltage with
Faulted phase

VOLTAGE AT RELAY LOCATION DUE TO

VARIOUS FAULTS (CONTINUED)

fall of line and phase voltages in

faulted phases
Increase of line voltage with
healthy phase

ZONES OF PROTECTION
Ring of protection
Divided into No. of Zones
Covers one or two
No zones left unprotected
No CB would trip at boundary when
overlapping is not there
When overlapping portion is more, more
CBs would trip
Relatively less space of overlapping
reduces faults and CBs not to trip