INTRODUCTION TO

PROGRAMMING

PROGRAM
set of step by step instruction that
directs the computer to do the task
you want it to do and to produce the
results wanted
organized list of instructions that
when executed, cause the computer
to behave in a predetermined
manner.

PROGRAMMING
designing or creating a set of
instruction to ask the computer to
carry out certain jobs, which normally
are very much faster than human
beings can do.

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
set of rules that provides a way of telling the
computer what to perform
set of commands that is formulated by the user
and executed by the computer
is an artificial language designed to express
computations that can be performed by a
machine, particularly a computer.
Can be used to create programs that can control
the behavior of a machine, to express
algorithms precisely or as a mode of human
communication.

WHY PROGRAMMING???
It helps us understand more the
computer which is a computing tool.
Lets you find out quickly whether we
like programming or not and whether
we have analytical turn of mind the
programmers need

PROGRAMMING PROCESS
DEFINING THE PROBLEM
Determine the requirement the program must
meet
Input data/requirements that are inputted.
Process the operation
Output shows the results
Planning the solution select the best method for solving
the problem
Algorithm
Flowcharting
Coding the Program
Prepare the set of instructions for the computer to execute.
The correct usage of programming language

Cont.
Testing the program perform
debugging and testing the program
Bugs error in programming
2 types of bugs
Syntax errors errors in spelling and
grammar
Semantic errors logical error/incorrect
solution
Documenting the program write up the full
specifications for other program users

ALGORITHM
procedure, recipe of a program, a finite set of instruction
A sequence of finite instructions, often used for calculation
and data processing
An algorithm about going to office
Go to work
Take a coffee break
Is it time to go home?
if yes, then go home
if no, then go to A
Is the Boss looking?
if yes, then do some work
if no, then go to B

Cont.
Changing, collecting and adding
subject
Fill out the required form.
Have it approved by the registration
office.
Present it to the accounting
Department for corresponding
adjustment fees.
Pay your additional fees at the
cahiers if any.

Cont.
area of a square
measure the width and the length of
the square
double the measure of the length
and the width of the square.
add the sum to get the total area of
square.

Cont.
interviewing a person
list down several questions you are going to ask
to ask to the interviewee
look for a place appropriate to the topic you
discuss.
contact a person you think might help you grant
this kind of interview
ask all the information you need to your
interviewee
thank the interviewee and offer him/her for a
treat.

Pseudocode
Fake code:
integer length, width, area
begin
input: length = 45 cm, width = 45
cm
print area
end

FLOWCHART
Graphical representation
Guidelines in Flowcharting:
1.
2.
3.
4.

A flowchart always begins with a START and is completed by an END.

Symbols are interconnected by headed arrows.
An arrows head indicates the direction to be followed.
An oblong, hexagon, parallelogram, rectangle or circle may have only one arrow
branching out, but may have one or more arrows branching in.
5. A diamond must have more than one arrow branching out, may have one or more
arrows branching in.
6. Circles are used to connect one part of a flowchart to another on the same page.
7. The sequence of the symbols matters. It indicates the step-by-step logic to be
followed.
8. A flowchart may contain as many symbols of the same kind as necessary in the
solution of the problem.
9. There may be an infinite number of flowcharts to solve one problem. There is no
just one correct flowchart.
10.A flowchart is efficient if it is simple and if it contains the fewest possible number of
symbols to solve the problem.

SYMBOLS
input/Output Symbol (Parallelogram) represents
an instruction to an input or an output device.
Processing Symbol (Rectangle) represent a
group of program instructions that perform a
processing function such as arithmetic operation,
or to compare, sort, etc
Decision symbol (Diamond) denotes a point in
the program where more than one path can be
taken.
Terminal Symbol (Oval) used to designate
beginning and the end of the program

ge Connector (Small Circle) used to connect one part of a flowchart to another without drawing flow

On-page Connector (Small Circle)

used to connect one part of a
flowchart to another without drawing
flowlines
Flow Direction Indicators
(Arrowheads) used to show
direction of processing or data flow
Off-page connector (Small Pentagon)
designate entry to or exit from a
page when a flowchart requires more

Flowcharting

decisions

Example (sequential) Addition of

two numbers
Start

int sum
= 0, n1,
n2

Start

int sum =
0, n1=12,
n2=4

Input n1, n2
sum = n1+n2

sum = n1+n2
Display sum
Display sum
End
End

Decision (display passed or

failed)
Start

int grade

Input grade

no

Does
grade>=70

Display Failed

yes

Display Passed

End

Start

int yrLvl

Does
yrLvl=
1?

Display
freshmen

Does
yrLvl=
2?

Display
sophomore

Does
yrLvl=
3?

Display
Junior

Display
Senior

?
Does
yrLvl=
4?

Display
invalid

A
End

DATA TYPES
An attribute of data which tells the
computer (and the programmer)
something about what kind of data it
is made of
char used to hold American
standard code for information
interchanged.
float used to hold real numbers
double
int used to old integer quantities.

VARIABLE
A symbol or a name that stands for a
particular value in a program
Variables are assigned data types
that indicate what kind of data it will
store and the amount of memory it
will use.
Variables are dynamic.

Naming Variables
1. Variables must begin with a letter or an alphabet and
may be followed by combinations of alphanumeric
characters. Variable shout not begin with a number.
Example: Email, E_add123
2. Variable should be indicative of the value it holds.
example: User_1, User_2, num_1, num_2
3. Beware of using confusing letters or numbers such as zero
and the letter o.
4. Underscore is used to replace space.
Example: first_name, third_number
5. Uppercase and lowercase letters are read differently. A and
a may hold different data.
Example: A, a

VARIABLE DECLARATION
Before declaring variable, specify
first the data type of the variable(s)
Variables must be separated by
comma
All declarations must be terminated
by a semicolon (;)
EXAMPLE: int Y, e ,l;
float A,B,c;
char vowel, consonant;

KINDS OF VARIABLES
LOCAL VARIABLE
Variables that are declared inside a function.
. It can only be referenced by statements that are inside
the block in which the variables are declared.

main()
{
int a, b, c;
________:
________;
________;
}

local variables

 GLOBAL VARIABLE
Global Variables are known throughout the entire program and
may be used by any piece of code.

Global variables are created by declaring them outside of

any function.

int a, b, c; global variables

main()
{
________;
________;
________;
}

CONSTANT
Constant is a data storage location
used by your program like variables
Constant is a data item whose value
cannot changed during the
programs execution.
2 ways of defining constants
1. # define pi 3.1416
Declared outside the main function

2. const float pi = 3.1416

OPERATORS
An operator manipulates individual
data items and returns a result.
Operands or arguments - data items.

CLASSIFICATION OF
OPERATORS
MATHEMATICAL OR ARITHMETIC
OPERATORS
PerformsDEFINITION
mathematical
operator
on
OPERATOR
EXAMPLE
RESULT
values
and
variables. 5*3
*
multiplication

15

division

15/5

Addition

12+4

16

Subtraction

16-4

12

Modulus

12%5

Cont.
RELATIONAL OPERATORS
Operators that are used to compare two
values based on a certain condition. It
FUNCTION
OPERATOR
RESULT
yields a true
or falseEXAMPLE
result.
Greater than
>
9>4
Determine how
one value
relatesTrue
to
Less than
<
7<4
False
another
Equal to

==

12==12

True

Not equal to

!=

12!=12

False

Greater than
or equal to

>=

11>=3

True

Less than or
equal to

<=

3<=1

false

Cont.
LOGICAL OPERATORS
Operators that determine if a particular
condition is satisfied.
Three basic logical operators: AND, OR,
NOT
AND OPERATOR (&&)
Condition
1
Result
Also known
as Condition
Boolean 2multiplication,
meaning
all of theTrue
conditions mustTrue
be TRUE.
True
NoTrue
matter how many
False TRUE conditions
False are
there,
False if there is just
Trueone FALSE condition,
False
then
Falsethe result is FALSE.
False
False

 OR OPERATOR (||)
It is known as the Boolean addition.
One TRUE condition is enough for the
Condition
1 be TRUE..
Condition 2
Result
result to
True

True

True

True

False

True

False

True

True

False

False

False

 NOT OPERATOR (!)

Known as the inverter.
It simply reverts the condition to get the
result.
CONDITION
RESULT
NOT true

False

NOT False

True

 ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR
OPERATO
R

OPERATIO
N

EXAMPLE

MEANING

Assign
value

a=12

a=12

+=

Add to
current
value

g+=h

g=g+h

-=

Subtract
from
current

g-=h

g=g-h

*=

multiply
current

g*=h

g=g*h

-=

Subtract
from
current

g-=h

g=g-h

 Increment/ decrement operator

Operator

Operation

Example

++

Increment

g++

--

decrement

g--

Meaning
g=g+1
g=g-1