AUTOMOTIVE

BRAKES

Friction
Dry, greasy and viscous
Static Friction and Kinetic Friction

Hydraulics
Hydraulics is the use of a liquid under
pressure to transfer force or motion, or to
increase an applied force.
Hydraulic pressure is used in the brake
system, in shock absorbers, and in powersteering systems.

Incompressibility of
Liquids

Drum Brakes
A typical braking system includes two basic
parts. These are the master cylinder with brake
pedal and the wheel brake mechanism.
Braking actions starts at the brake pedal. When
the pedal is pushed down, brake fluid is sent
from the master cylinder to the wheels.
At the wheels, the fluid pushes brake shoes, or
pads, against revolving drums or disks slows
and stops them.

Drum Brakes
Front-rear split- One chamber is
connected to the front-wheel brakes. The
other chamber is connected to the rearwheel brakes.
2 types of arrangement
Dual Braking Systems
Diagonal Split

Master Cylinders
There are two types of master-cylinder
construction. The older type has the
reservoirs integrally cast with the cylinder
to form a single-piece master cylinder
body. It is usually made of cast iron.
The later type sometimes called a
composite master cylinder. It has
reservoirs formed from sheet metal or
plastic then attached to the cylinder with
rubber seals.

Pistons
Primary Piston- is the piston that is directly
actuated by the brake-pedal pushrod.
Secondary Piston- is at the forward end of
the master cylinder.

Brake Lines and Brake

Fluid

Brake fluid is carried by steel pipes called

Brake Lines.
Brake fluids must provide lubrication for
the pistons in the master cylinders, wheel
cylinders and calipers.

Drum Brake Construction

The drum brake has a steel or iron drum
to which the wheel is bolted. The drum
and wheel rotate together. Inside the
drum, attached to the steering knuckle or
rear axle, is the brake mechanism.

Brake Lining
Brake shoes are made of metal to which a
lining of friction materials is attached.
Therefore, a facing friction material is
called Brake Lining.

Drum-Brake Operation
When the driver pushes the brake pedal
down, brake fluid is forced from the master
cylinder. The fluid flows to the wheel
cylinders. In each wheel cylinder, the
additional fluid causes the hydraulic
pressure against the pistons to increase.
This forces the pistons apart, pushing the
shoe-actuating pins out. Now the brake
shoes are forced against the rotating drum.

Disk Brakes
The disk brake has a metal disk instead of
a drum. It has a flat shoe or pad. To slow
or stop the car, these two flat shoes are
forced tightly against the rotating disk or
rotor. Fluid pressure form the master
cylinder forces the pistons to move in. This
action pushes the friction pads of the
brake shoes tightly against the disk.

3 General Types of Disk

Brakes
Floating Caliper Disk Brake
Fixed-Caliper
Sliding Caliper

Floating Caliper Disk Brake

When the brakes are applied, the brake
fluid flows to the cylinder in the caliper and
pushes the piston out. The piston forces
the shoe against the disk. At the same
time, the pressure in the cylinder causes
the caliper to pivot inward. This movement
brings the other shoe into tight contact
with the disk.

Fixed-Caliper Disk Brake

This brake usually has four pistons, two on
each side of the disk. the caliper is bolted
solidly to the steering knuckle. When the
brakes are applied, the caliper cannot
move. The four pistons are forced out of
their caliper bores to push the inner and
outer brake shoes against the disk.

Sliding Caliper Disk Brake

The Sliding Caliper is suspended from
rubber bushings on bolts. This permits the
caliper to slide on the bolts when the
brakes are applied.

Antilock Brake Systems

If the brakes lock the wheels so that the
tires skid, kinetic friction results, and
braking is much less effective.
Control means that as long as the wheels
are rotating, the antilock device permits
normal application of the brakes.

Chrysler Sure-Brake
The Chrysler Sue-Brake system is
designed to prevent wheel lockup when
the brakes are applied while the car is
moving at above about 5mph.
At the front wheel there is a magnetic
wheel which acts as a speed sensor,
attached to the brake disk. As the wheel
and disk revlve, the magnetic wheel
produces alternating current in the sensor.

Power Brakes
Vacuum Brake Booster- it includes a
cylinder I which a tight-fitting piston can
move. When vacuum is applied to one
side of the piston, atmospheric pressure
causes the piston to be pushed to the
right. This movement pushes the piston
rod into the master cylinder.

Hydraulic Brake Booster

With the power-steering pump running,
there is always pressure in the smaller
cylinder in the brake booster. As the
brakes are applied, the pressure through
the input rod moves the lever. This forces
the spool assembly to move off center.

Trailer Brakes
Hydraulic-Brake Type- is not connected to
the towing vehicle. Instead, the hitch on
the trailer has a master cylinder.
Electric Trailer Brake- is wired to the brake
pedal. When the brake pedal is
depressed, electric current flows to the
brake mechanisms at the trailer wheels.
These mechanisms use electromagnets to
force the brake shoes against the rotating
brake drums.

Parking Brakes
Parking brakes may be operated by a foot
pedal or by a hand lever. The parking
brake holds the car stationary while it is
parked. Since it is independent of the
service brakes, it can be used as a
emergency brake if the service brake fails.