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110-HTM000021-D

SDH Basics

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Objective

Standards
Frame Structure
Multiplexing
Regenerator Section Overhead
Multiplex Section Overhead
Path Overhead
Advantages

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Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)


American Standard

European Standard
Notation

Data Rate

Notation

Data Rate

E0

64 Kbps

T0/DS0

64 Kbps

E1

2048 Kbps

T1/DS1

1544 Kbps

E2

8448 Kbps

T2/DS2

6312 Kbps

E3

34368 Kbps

T3/DS3

44736 Kbps

E4

139264 Kbps

T4/DS4

139264 Kbps

Used
Usedin
inSouth
SouthAmerica,
America,
Europe,
Europe,India
Indiaetc
etc

Used
Usedin
inUSA,
USA,Canada
Canada
Japan,
Japan,Korea,
Korea,Hong
HongKong
Kong
etc
etc

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Standards
The hierarchy is as follows:
Optical Signal

Bit Rate

Abbreviated as

STM-0

51.84 Mbps

51 Mbps

STM-1

155.52 Mbps

155 Mbps

STM- 4

622.080 Mbps

622 Mbps

STM-16

2488.320 Mbps

2.4 Gbps

STM-64

9953.280 Mbps

10 Gbps

STM-256

39813.12 Mbps

40 Gbps

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TX END

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RX END

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STM-1 Frame Format

Frame =125s

Frame =125s

Frame = 125s

STM-1 = 270 Columns (2430 bytes)


1
2
3

Pointers 4

Regenerator
Section
Overhead
H1 H2

H3

H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

5
6
7

Multiplex
Section
Overhead

Administrative Unit
Capacity of the
Virtual Container
+
Pointers

8
9

Overhead width = 9 columns

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9 Rows

STM-N Frame Format

Frame = 125s
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Frame Format

STM - Section overhead and


Administrative unit

STM-N

Section overhead Regenerator


section overhead and Multiplex section
overhead

Section
Overhead

Administrative
unit

Administrative unit Virtual container


and pointers

Regenerator
Overhead

Multiplex
overhead

Pointer

Virtual
Container

Virtual container - Payload and Path


overhead information

Path
overhead

1 Byte=8bits * 8000 frames/sec=64 Kbps

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Payload

Mapping Elements

Container

Virtual Container

Tributary Unit

Tributary Unit Group

Administrative Unit

Administrative Unit Group

STM-N Frame

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Mapping Elements

The Container (C)


Basic packaging unit for tributary signals (PDH)

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Mapping Elements
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)

The Tributary Unit (TU)


Is formed via adding a pointer to the VC

The Tributary Unit Group (TUG)


Combines several TUs for a new VC

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Mapping Elements

The Administrative Unit (AU)


Is shaped if a pointer is allocated to the VC formed at last

The Syncronous Transport Module (STM-N)


Formed by adding a Section Overhead (SOH) to AUs

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SDH Multiplexing

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SDH Multiplexing
4 columns

1 2 3 4

1 2 3

Stuffing and
POH

TU 12
9X4
9 rows

TUG-2
9 X 12

TUG-3
9 X 84
Section Over
Head

(9 X 9)

P
O
H

P
O
H

P
O
H

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TUG - 3

TUG - 3

9 X 261
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TUG - 3

Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1

Regenerator
Section

A1

A1

A2

A2

A2

J0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

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Regenerator Section Overhead - RSOH

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3

Framing (A1,A2)

Start of the STM-1 frame.


Section Trace or Future
Section
BIP-8
Growth
(J0) (B1)
Section
UserParity-8
Channel
Local
Orderwire
(E1)
Byte
interleaved
J0
carries
section
trace
(F1)
Data
communication
channel
Channel
voice
(BIP-8)
isfor
used
for
message.
A 64kb/ssection
user
channel.
(DCC_R)
communications
between
regenerator
error
Provides
single 192 kb/s channel
any
twoaNEs.
monitoring.
for Management

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Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

B2

Multiplex
Section

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

S1

B2

B2

M1

E2

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Multiplex Section Overhead - MSOH

Data Communication
Line BIP-24 (B2)
Channel (DCC-M)
B2 K1 K2 Byte interleaved Parity-24
Provides
a single
576
Line
Remote
Error
Indicator
(BIP-24)
is used for status or
D4 D5 D6
Synchronization
Orderwire
kb/s
channel(E2)
for
(M1)
Automatic
Protection
multiplex
section
error
Future
growth
(S1)for voice
Orderwire
channel
Management
D7 D8 D9
Switch
(APS)
(K1,K2)
monitoring.
Remote
error
indication.
5-8
bits
of
the
byte between
defines two
communication
Used forthe
APS
signaling
D10 D11 D12
Conveys
BIP-24
count
Synchronous
status
message
NEserror
back to the source
S1 M1 E2

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Pointers

SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual
Containers (VC-N) with respect to the STM-N frame.

On a frame-by-frame basis, the payload pointer indicates the offset between the VC payload and
the STM-N frame by identifying the location of the first byte of the VC in the payload.

The pointer value indicates the offset in bytes from the pointer to the first byte of the VC, which is
the J1 byte.

Starting points are at 3-byte increments for a VC-4 payload, the possible range is: Total STM-1
bytes Section Overhead bytes = Pointer value range
(2430 81)/3 = 783 valid pointer positions

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Pointers Continued

For a VC-4 payload, this pointer is located in columns 1 and 4 of


the fourth row of the Section Overhead

For a VC-3 payload, entire pointer bytes are used.

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Pointers Continued

The pointer value, is carried in bits 7 through 16 of the H1-H2


pointer word.
The first four bits, the N-bits, are known as the New Data
Flag.These bits contains the pattern 0110 by default to
indicate No Arbitrary Change.In case of Arbitrary Change
H1+H2
pattern is 1001.

S1

S2

Pointer Values (0 782)


New Data Flag

Size Bits

0110 No Arbitrary change


1001 Arbitrary change
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Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)

Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)


Data

RSOH
AU Pointer

MSOH

Virtual Container (VC)

When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the rate of the STM-1
frame, then I bits are inverted & the pointer value is incremented by 1. This is
known as PPJ.

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Positive Pointer Justification (PPJ)

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PPJ Example

For block 256 in frame n


Tx END (H1 H2 bytes)

0110 10 0100000000

frame n+1 initialization

0110 10 1110101010

frame n+2

I bits inverted,same ptr value


1block stuffed after H3 byte.

0110 10 1000000001

frame n+3 pointer value increased by 1

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PPJ Example continued

Rx END 256 in frame n

0110 10 0100000000

frame n+1 initialization

0110 10 1110101010

frame n+2 I bits inverted


(5/5,4/5,3/5) to get

pointer
value 256
0110 10 0100000001

frame n+3 ptr value changed to 257

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Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)

Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)


Data

RSOH
AU Pointer

MSOH

Virtual Container (VC)

When the data rate of the VC is too fast in relation to the rate of the
STM-1 frame, D bits are inverted and the pointer value is decremented
by 1. This is known as NPJ.

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Negative Pointer Justification (NPJ)

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NPJ Example

Tx END 642 block in frame n


(H1 H2 bytes)

0110 10 1010000010 frame n+1 initialization


0110 10 1111010111 frame n+2 D bits inverted,same ptr
value,H3 bytes used.
0110 10 1010000001 frame n+3 ptr value changed to 641

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NPJ Example continued

Rx END 642 block in frame n

0110 10 1010000010

frame n+1

initialization

0110 10 1111010111

frame n+2

D bits inverted
(5/5,4/5,3/5)
ptr value 642

frame n+3

ptr value changed to


641

to get
0110 10 1010000001

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Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC-4 / VC-3)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
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Path
Overhead

Higher Order Path Overhead HPOH(VC-4 / VC-3)

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

Path Trace (J1)


Path BIP-8 (B3)
J1 byte carries the trace
PathSignal
erroratmonitoring
Path
Label
(C2)
information
path level
Path Status
(G1)
Indicates
the type
of
Indicator
byte
(H4)
payload
in
AU
Path
User Channel
(F2)
Provides
status and
Carries multiframe
performance
information
User data
channel at path
information
back to the remote end
Path Userlevel
Channel (F3)
Tandem
Connection
User
data channel
at path
(N1) for
Bits 1-4 are allocated
level
APS. Bits
5-8foraretandem
for
IEC
future
use.
connection
monitoring at
TCM source.
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Lower Order Path Overhead POH(VC-11 / VC-12)

VC-12

VC-11
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Lower Order Path Overhead - POH

V5
J2
N2
K4

Tandem Connection
(N2)parity
Signal Label and
check
IEC
for tandem
connection monitoring at
Path Trace (J2)
TCM source.
J2Carries
byte carries
the trace
APS information
information
at lower
at lower order
pathorder
level
path level

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Advantages
High speed standards
Efficient Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance
capabilities (OAM&P)

Tejas Supports Next Generation SDH


Supports data(Ethernet) as well as voice.
No need for separate data infrastructure.
Use of GFP, VCAT, LCAS, Auto Negotiation.

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Thank You

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