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SDH Basics
Objective
Standards
Frame Structure
Multiplexing
Regenerator Section Overhead
Multiplex Section Overhead
Path Overhead
Advantages
European Standard
Notation
Data Rate
Notation
Data Rate
E0
64 Kbps
T0/DS0
64 Kbps
E1
2048 Kbps
T1/DS1
1544 Kbps
E2
8448 Kbps
T2/DS2
6312 Kbps
E3
34368 Kbps
T3/DS3
44736 Kbps
E4
139264 Kbps
T4/DS4
139264 Kbps
Used
Usedin
inSouth
SouthAmerica,
America,
Europe,
Europe,India
Indiaetc
etc
Used
Usedin
inUSA,
USA,Canada
Canada
Japan,
Japan,Korea,
Korea,Hong
HongKong
Kong
etc
etc
Standards
The hierarchy is as follows:
Optical Signal
Bit Rate
Abbreviated as
STM-0
51.84 Mbps
51 Mbps
STM-1
155.52 Mbps
155 Mbps
STM- 4
622.080 Mbps
622 Mbps
STM-16
2488.320 Mbps
2.4 Gbps
STM-64
9953.280 Mbps
10 Gbps
STM-256
39813.12 Mbps
40 Gbps
TX END
RX END
Frame =125s
Frame =125s
Frame = 125s
Pointers 4
Regenerator
Section
Overhead
H1 H2
H3
H1H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3
5
6
7
Multiplex
Section
Overhead
Administrative Unit
Capacity of the
Virtual Container
+
Pointers
8
9
9 Rows
Frame = 125s
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004-06, Proprietary Information
Frame Format
STM-N
Section
Overhead
Administrative
unit
Regenerator
Overhead
Multiplex
overhead
Pointer
Virtual
Container
Path
overhead
Payload
Mapping Elements
Container
Virtual Container
Tributary Unit
Administrative Unit
STM-N Frame
Mapping Elements
Mapping Elements
The Virtual Container (VC)
Formation of the Container by adding of a POH (Path Overhead)
Mapping Elements
SDH Multiplexing
SDH Multiplexing
4 columns
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
Stuffing and
POH
TU 12
9X4
9 rows
TUG-2
9 X 12
TUG-3
9 X 84
Section Over
Head
(9 X 9)
P
O
H
P
O
H
P
O
H
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TUG - 3
TUG - 3
9 X 261
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004-06, Proprietary Information
TUG - 3
A1
Regenerator
Section
A1
A1
A2
A2
A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1
D2
D3
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
Framing (A1,A2)
B2
Multiplex
Section
K1
K2
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
D9
D10
D11
D12
S1
B2
B2
M1
E2
Data Communication
Line BIP-24 (B2)
Channel (DCC-M)
B2 K1 K2 Byte interleaved Parity-24
Provides
a single
576
Line
Remote
Error
Indicator
(BIP-24)
is used for status or
D4 D5 D6
Synchronization
Orderwire
kb/s
channel(E2)
for
(M1)
Automatic
Protection
multiplex
section
error
Future
growth
(S1)for voice
Orderwire
channel
Management
D7 D8 D9
Switch
(APS)
(K1,K2)
monitoring.
Remote
error
indication.
5-8
bits
of
the
byte between
defines two
communication
Used forthe
APS
signaling
D10 D11 D12
Conveys
BIP-24
count
Synchronous
status
message
NEserror
back to the source
S1 M1 E2
Pointers
SDH provides payload pointers to permit differences in the phase and frequency of the Virtual
Containers (VC-N) with respect to the STM-N frame.
On a frame-by-frame basis, the payload pointer indicates the offset between the VC payload and
the STM-N frame by identifying the location of the first byte of the VC in the payload.
The pointer value indicates the offset in bytes from the pointer to the first byte of the VC, which is
the J1 byte.
Starting points are at 3-byte increments for a VC-4 payload, the possible range is: Total STM-1
bytes Section Overhead bytes = Pointer value range
(2430 81)/3 = 783 valid pointer positions
Pointers Continued
Pointers Continued
S1
S2
Size Bits
RSOH
AU Pointer
MSOH
When the data rate of the VC is too slow in relation to the rate of the STM-1
frame, then I bits are inverted & the pointer value is incremented by 1. This is
known as PPJ.
PPJ Example
0110 10 0100000000
0110 10 1110101010
frame n+2
0110 10 1000000001
0110 10 0100000000
0110 10 1110101010
pointer
value 256
0110 10 0100000001
RSOH
AU Pointer
MSOH
When the data rate of the VC is too fast in relation to the rate of the
STM-1 frame, D bits are inverted and the pointer value is decremented
by 1. This is known as NPJ.
NPJ Example
0110 10 1010000010
frame n+1
initialization
0110 10 1111010111
frame n+2
D bits inverted
(5/5,4/5,3/5)
ptr value 642
frame n+3
to get
0110 10 1010000001
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004-06, Proprietary Information
Path
Overhead
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
VC-12
VC-11
Tejas Networks India Ltd., 2004-06, Proprietary Information
V5
J2
N2
K4
Tandem Connection
(N2)parity
Signal Label and
check
IEC
for tandem
connection monitoring at
Path Trace (J2)
TCM source.
J2Carries
byte carries
the trace
APS information
information
at lower
at lower order
pathorder
level
path level
Advantages
High speed standards
Efficient Multiplexing / Demultiplexing
Enhanced Operation, administration, Provisioning, Maintenance
capabilities (OAM&P)
Thank You