A Brief

History of Science

Bandola, Kim S.
Team CHELLAX

A Brief history of Science

Antiquity to 1900
Renaissance to the Copernican Revolution
The Copernican Revolution to the NeoDarwinian Synthesis

Antiquity to 1900s

For most of human history, questions about the nature

of the world were answered by religious authorities.

Egypt Mathematics
Babylonians astronomy

The pre-Socratic philosophers in Ancient Greece were

the first to

develop a systematic science.

Antiquity to 1900s

Thales of Miletus ( 7 B.C. ) first to posit

non- supernatural

explanations for

earthquakes, lightning, etc.

Pre Socratic Science

Life originally arose from water and

mud , that humans evolve from lower
life forms.
Anaximan
der

Matter was made up of small

atoms.

Democrit

Pre Socratic Science

Started major debates:
What justifies knowledge: reason or
experience?
Is nature fundamentally permanent
or changing ?
Hereclitus

Paramenidie
s

Pre Socratic Science

Develop the first scientific

approach to anatomy and
medicine
used experiment and

Galen

Hippocra
tes

records (not shaman and

magic ) to heal the sick

Science in the Middle Ages (400 -1400 C.E.)

Science continued through the Roman Empire.

When the empire fell and the Dark Ages

ensued science in

the West ceased to

progress.

While there were some European scientist in

the middle ages, they were generally isolated
and marginalized

Science in the Middle Ages (400 -1400 C.E.)

The Scientific Advancement in Time

Science in the Middle Ages (400 -1400 C.E.)

Most scientific advancements from 500 -1300 C.E.

were made to the Islamic world

Medicine, astronomy, and chemistry

developed
considerably in these regions

Avicenna (circa 1000 C.E. pioneered the

techniques that lead to the modern hospital

In 12th century Europe, scholasticism tried to

reconcile ancient Greek

thought with biblical dogma.

Science in the Middle Ages (400 -1400 C.E.)

Most scientific advancements from 500 -1300 C.E.

were made to the Islamic world

Medicine, astronomy, and chemistry

developed
considerably in these regions

Avicenna (circa 1000 C.E. pioneered the

techniques that lead to the modern hospital

In 12th century Europe, scholasticism tried to

reconcile ancient Greek

thought with biblical dogma.

Renaissance (1400-1700)

St. Thomas Aquinas endorsed

natural theology knowing God by
studying His creation.
Free discussion was demanded,
weakening church sovereignty
Thus there was a renaissance a
rebirth in
Greek humanism.

Renaissance (1400-1700)
Bacon and the Scientific Method
The scholastic world- view deferred to
Aristotle as the authority on science.

Challenged Aristotles idea quoting

Being a genius is like being able to run

fast you travel far, but unless you have
a map youll be lost.

Renaissance (1400-1700)
Bacon and the Scientific Method

Bacon provided a map the first

scientific method.
1. Empirical observation and
experimentation
2. rational analysis, mathematical
modeling and deductive reasoning.

Renaissance (1400-1700)
New Theories and Technologies
William Harvey realized the heart
does not generate blood but serves
as a circulator a pump.

Renaissancev(1400-1700)
Scientific Revolution

There is a shift back to the idea

that human
reason, not faith has the power to
discover truth.

Nicholaus Copernicus proposes a

heliocentric
( sun-centered) view of the
universe.

Renaissance (1400-1700)
Problems with Copernicanism

Copernicus system could explain things that the

old Ptolemic system could not.

The matth did not work (because Copernicus

thought that the earths orbit was circular)

Andreas Osiander wrote the (posthumous) intro to

Copernicus book claiming his system was just a

predictive tool, not a true description of nature. -instrumentalism --

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis

Copernicans were condemned

heretics and burned at the stake.

100 yrs. Later Galileo improved the

telescope and published his findings in

support of Copernicus which encouraged
a revolution

The bible is a book about how to

go to heaven. It is not a book about how

the heavens go.

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Isaac Newton (1643 -1727)
The Age of Enlightenment was a
golden age for natural philosophers

They turned away from the Aristotelian

model of trying to find the purpose of

motion.

Instead, they started looking for laws

and mechanisms in nature.

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Universal Laws of Science
Prior to Newton, science was scattered and
explained on isolated phenomena.
The Universal Law of Gravitation was the first
truly UNIVERSAL scientific law.
Mechanism Newton thought the whole
universe was one big machine, a deterministic
system of causes and their necessary effects.

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Development of modern chemistry
Newton practiced alchemy , the practice of

transforming one
substance into another.
How do we explain fire?

Priestlys phlogiston theory said there were tiny

bodies inside
all combustible things, and when ablaze theyre
released.

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Development of modern chemistry
Newton practiced alchemy , the practice of

transforming one
substance into another.
How do we explain fire?

Priestlys phlogiston theory said there were tiny

bodies inside
all combustible things, and when ablaze theyre
released.

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Darwin and modern biology
Carl Linnaeus developed the first biological
taxonomy which
inspired young Darwin.

While travel, Darwin saw patterns in organisms and

their
environments,how they interbred, etc.

Though Darwin was not the first who theorized

about evolution,

The copernican revolution to

the neo-darwinian synthesis
Darwin and modern biology
After the recognition of Mendels discoverry of
genetics,
Darwinism was confirmed and the neoDarwinian synthesis
cemented the theory of evolution.

Nothing in biology makes sense except in

light of evolution.
-- Theodosius
Dobzhansky --

Philosophy
Love of Wisdom"
Philosophyis the study of the general
and fundamental nature of reality,
existence, knowledge, values, reason,
mind and language.

Philosophy and Science

Philosophy and science are two studies and domains.
Science is concerned with the natural phenomena while
philosophy attempts to understand the nature of man,
existence and the relationship that exists between the two
concepts.
Philosophy tries to explain situations and find answers by
using logical argumentation while science uses empirical
data.
Philosophy creates knowledge by thinking. On the other
hand, science does the same thing by observing.

Philosophy of scienceis a branch of

philosophyconcerned with the
foundations, methods, and
implications ofscience.
The central questions of this study
concern what qualifies as science, the
reliability of scientific theories, and the
ultimate purpose of science.

Periods of Philosophy

Ancient
Ancient Philosophy
Philosophy

OSOPHICAL TURN TO HUMAN TH

Ancient
Ancient Philosophy
Philosophy
Pre-Socratic Philosophy
Ancient Philosophers sought natural
explanations for phenomena (Natural
From wherePhilosophy).
From what
does
everything
come?

is
everythin
g created?

Classical Elements of Nature

Empedocles

(490 430

BC)

A Greek philosopher
who established the
four ultimate
elementswhich make
all the structures in
the world.

AIR

WATE
R

EARTH

OSOPHICAL TURN TO HUMAN TH

A major turning point in the history of
early philosophical science was the
controversial but successful attempt
by Socratesto apply philosophy to the
study of human things.

Basic and Applied Research

Basic research, also calledpure
researchorfundamental research, is
scientific research aimed to improve scientific
theories for improved understanding or
prediction of natural or other phenomena.
Applied research in turn, uses scientific
theories to develop technology or techniques
to intervene andalternatural or other
phenomena.

Basic Research
Basic researchis driven purely by
curiosity and a desire to expand our
knowledge.

Why do we
have

Applied Research

em

Applied research is used to find

solutions to everyday problems, cure
illness, and develop innovative
technologies.

Pr
ob
l

QWERTY Keyboard

Christopher Latham Sholes

(1819-1890)

Hypothesizing and Experimentation

As empirical
evidence is
gathered from
observation of a
phenomenon,
scientists can
suggest a
hypothesis to
explain the
phenomenon.

Hypothesizing and Experimentation

An experiment
is an orderly
procedure carried
out with the goal
of verifying,
refuting, or
establishing the
validity of a
hypothesis.

Certainty in Science
Certainty is perfect
knowledge that has
total security from
error, or the mental
state of being
without doubt.
In science, there's
often not absolute
certainty.

Scientific Method
Thescientific
methodis a body
oftechniquesfor
investigating
phenomena,
acquiring new
knowledge, or
correcting and
integrating
previous

Who invented scientific

method?
Whilst the Greeks were
the first Western
civilization to adopt
observation and
measurement.

Aristotle was the

founder ofempirical
science.

Who invented scientific

method?
The modern method was developed by
Muslim scholars, during the Golden
age of Islam (between 10th and 14th
centuries).

Scientific Community
The concept of scientific communities
emerged in the second half of the
19th century.
We are
Scientis
ts!

William
Whewell

Scientific Community
Branches of Science
commonly divided into four major groups:natural
sciences, formal sciences, social sciences and
applied sciences.
Institutions
Scientists also have institutions that support them,
and they work within a community of individuals with
whom they share ideas.
Literature
comprisesscientific publicationsthat report original
empirical and theoretical work in the natural and social

Eureka!

"I have
found (it)."
Archimedes
( 287 BC 212 BC)

Great Minds That

Change the World

Aristotle
(384 BC- 322 BC)
Philosopher
Biology
a. Vertebrates

Aristotle

(384 BC- 322 BC)

Philosopher
Biology
b. Cepahalopods

Aristotle

(384 BC- 322 BC)

Philosopher
Meteorology

Galileo Galilei
(1564- 1642)
Astronomer, Scientist
theories on motion and falling
objects
universal law of acceleration
telescope

Isaac Newton
(1643 1727)
Philosopher, Astronomer,
Physicist, Scientist,
Mathematician
infinitesimal calculus
theory of light and color

Isaac Newton

(1643 1727)
Philosopher, Astronomer,
Physicist, Scientist,
Mathematician
Laws of Planetary Motion
Philosohiae Naturalis
Principia Mathematica or
Principia

Louis Pasteur
(1822 1895)
Chemist, Scientist, Inventor
Pasteurization

Louis Pasteur

(1822 1895)
Chemist, Scientist, Inventor
Silk Industry

Louis Pasteur

(1822 1895)
Chemist, Scientist, Inventor
Vaccine discoveries
a. Cholera
b. Anthrax
c. Tuberculosis
d. Small pox
e. Rabies

Alexander Graham Bell

(1847 1922)
Educator, Scientist, Inventor

harmonic telegraph
telephone

Alexander Fleming
(1881- 1955)
Biologist, Scientist, Doctor, Bacteriologist

antiseptics

Alexander Fleming

(1881- 1955)
Biologist, Scientist, Doctor, Bacteriologist

lysozyme
Penicillin

Albert Einstein
(1879 1955)
Physicist, Scientist
photoelectric effect
atomic energy
theory of relativity

Abelardo Aguilar
(1917 - 1993)
Physician
Erythromycin

Eduardo San Juan

Mechanical Engineer

Moon Buggy

THANK
YOU

HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGY
Greek wordtechn, art, craft,
withlogos, word, speech,
meant in Greece a discourse on
the arts, both fine and applied
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY

It is the development over time of systematic

techniques for making and doing things.

HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY
TIMELINE
Paleolithic Age
Mesolithic Age
Neolithic Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
The Medieval Age
The Renaissance
Age
Industrial Age

Paleolithic Age
The Old Stone Age or in Greek
(palaios old) and (lithos
stone)
Time Period:
500,000 BC 10,000 BC
Inventions:
Stone tools
Impacts on history:
These tools greatly aided the
early humans in their hunting
lifestyle, butchering carcasses,
chopping wood, skinning an animal
for clothing and making fire.

Mesolithic Age
The Middle Stone Age or in Greek
(mesos middle) and (lithos
stone)
Time Period: 10,000 BC 4,000
BC
Invention:
Pressure flaking and preparedcore techniques was further
developed
Impacts on history:
The gradual domestication of
animals and agriculture led to
settled
communities.

Neolithic Age
The New Stone Age or in Greek
(nos new) and (lthos stone)
Time Period: 4,000 BC 2,300 BC
Inventions:
polishedstone tools from flint,
jade, jadeite and greenstone
Impacts on history:
by working exposures as quarries, the
valuable rocks were pursued by
tunneling underground, the first steps
in mining technology. The polished
axes were used for forest clearance
and the establishment of crop farming

Neolithic Age
Examples of Engineering
Design during the
Neolithic Age:
Mesopotamian engineers
used clay tablets to
document irrigation systems.
Babylonian engineers used
mathematical concepts such
as
algebra for land excavation
calculations.

The Bronze Age

The architectural period that included
combining copper and tin to produce
bronze
Time Period: 2,300 BC 700 BC
Inventions
Bronze jewelry, tools/weapons
Impacts on history:
The use of bronze replaced stone
tools and allowed humans to greatly
alter their environment.

Iron Age
The architectural period marked by
the prevalent use of iron or steel
Time Period: 700 BC 450 AD
Inventions
Iron farming equipment, Iron weapons,
Impacts on history:
Military dominance for cultures that
could produce iron weapons.
The iron-blade plow allowed humans to
increase food production.

Iron Age
Examples of Engineering
Design during the Iron
Age:
Greek engineers created
the
crossbow and catapult to
conquer territories.
Roman engineers created
aqueduct systems,
sanitary
systems, and an

The Medieval Age

The architectural period after
the Roman Empire
Time Period: 450 AD 1,400 AD
Inventions:
Improved harness for horses, cast
iron, cannons, mechanical clocks,
compass
Impacts on history:
Early Middle Ages increased
pressure from invasion lead to
depopulation and
deurbanization.
High Middle Ages the
beginning of feudalism,
population increase, and
agricultural innovation
Late Middle Ages famine,

The Medieval Age

Examples of Engineering
Design during the Middle
Ages:
Technology, like the
windmill,
produced mechanical labor.
The printing press was used
to share information and
knowledge.
The word engineer began
to

The Renaissance /
Enlightenment
The architectural period
marked by the revival of
classical influence and the
sharing of ideas, or in Italian
(Rinascimento to be
reborn)
Time Period: 1,400 AD 1,750
AD
Inventions:
Telescope, microscope,
thermometer
Impacts on history:
Instrumentation enabled

The Industrial Age

The architectural period marked by
the first use of complex
machinery, factories, and
urbanization.
Time Period: 1750 AD 1950 AD
Inventions:
Electricity, automobile, airplane,
radio, television, telephone, rocket
Impacts on history:
gave rise to urban centers, requiring
vast municipal services
Economic expansion created the rise
of professionals, population
expansion

History of Technology in the

Philippines
Pre-Spanish Era (before
1521)
Medicine from herbs,
Alphabet, Number system,
weighing and measuring
system and a calendar
engaged in farming,
shipbuilding, mining and
weaving
Banaue Rice Terraces
Spanish Colonial Era (1521
1898)
introduced formal education
and founded scientific
institution
contributed to the field of

Banaue Rice Terraces at Nueva Vizcaya - Ifugao Mountain Province

Library of the University of Santo Toms in Manila, 1887

History of Technology in the

Philippines
American period (18981946)
progress of science and
technology
inclined towards agriculture,
food processing, forestry,
medicine and pharmacy

Post Commonwealth-Era
the government's role in
supporting scientific
research and invention was
acknowledged
DOST established

Governor General William Howard Taft addressing the

audience at the Philippine Assembly in the Manila Grand
Opera House

Talks of Post-war Philippines

THANK YOU

The Croods is a 3D computer-animated adventure

comedy film released in March 2013 , exhibits Stone Age
Era setting where a Prehistoric cave family lived in a
particularly dangerous moment in time and is considered
as the first modern pre-historic family. Give at least 3

Fire. Shades. Shoes.

Snapshot. Belt. Ride. Rug.
Lifterator. Fire.

Relationship of
Science and
Society

Women and science

Science long ago is dominated by males
Feminists claim this is the result of culture
In the late 20th century, active
recruitment of women and elimination
of institutional discrimination
increased the number of female
scientists,

Science policy
refers to the act of applying scientific
knowledge to the development of public
policies
. InGreat Britain, governmental approval
ofthe Royal Societyin the 17th century
recognized ascientific communitywhich
exists to this day
In the Philippines the executive
department responsible to formulate
policies and projects in the fields of
science and technology is the DOST

Science and Politics

Politics is ruled by values
Science is ruled by facts
During the 1970s, which was under the
time ofFerdinand Marcos' presidency, the
importance given to science grew.

 In 1973 President Ferdinand

Marcos adopted Project Storm
Fury where he attempted, using
the United States model, to
weaken tropical cyclones by flying
aircraft into them and seeding
with silver iodide.

TRIVIA

Media perspective
Media serves as the medium for the
understanding of science
Scientific journals(1665)
Scientific radio broadcasting (1906)

 But sometimes media might be misleading

Public perception of
Science
The public and scientist perception
on science is not the same.

improved dialogue between

scientists and the public at all
points during the research
process

as an aspiring engineer how can you

help to achieve a closer integration
of science and society ?

Then And Now : How Do

Technology Affects The
Society?
A Lecture About The Nexus Between Technology And
Society
September 11,2015
Mindanao State University Iligan Institute Of
Technology
Room 122

History

The history of
technology is the history
of the invention of tools
and techniques.

What is a tool?

A tool is a device or a piece of

equipment that typically
provides a mechanical
advantage in accomplishing a
task or enables the
accomplishment of a task not
otherwise possible.

Types of Tools

Cutting tools, such as the

knife, scissors or an axe, are
wedge-shaped implements
that produce a shearing force
along a narrow face.

Types of tools
Moving tools, move large and small things.
All these tools move items by some kind
of force. for example:
Concentrating force tools (like the hammer
moves a nail, or the maul moves a wedge.)
These operate by applying physical
compression to a surface. In the case of the
screwdriver, the force is sideways and called
torque.
Writing implements deliver a fluid to a surface
via compression to activate the ink cartridge.
Grabbing and twisting nuts and blots with
pliers, a glove, or a wrench
Inclined planes, wedges and pulleys help move
large items.

Types of tools

Guiding and measuring tools

include the ruler, set square,
and straightedge.

Types of tools

Shaping tools, such as moulds,

jigs, trowels, caulk, and concrete
help us by making consistent
and reliable shapes that fit
together well and are sturdy.
When do you use these types of
tools? How do they help?

Types of tools

Fastening tools, such as welders,

rivet guns, nail guns, glue guns,
and glue help us by fastening
things together.

Early Civilizations and tools

Societies advance when their

technologies advance.
There were three main time
periods or ages when tools were
the main technological
development: The Stone Age,
The Bronze Age and the Iron
Age.

The Stone Age

The first tool-makers!
This period of time is called the
Stone Age because these very early
men created tools from stone. The
Stone Age ran from about 2
million years ago to about
10,000 years ago.

200,000 years later

Man learns to
make FIRE!!!
They were probably a bit
startled when they saw what
they had created, little
knowing that the invention of
fire would change life
dramatically!

A collection of stone age

tools:

The Bronze Age

The Stone Age developed into the Bronze Age
after radical changes in agricultural
technology which included:
development of agriculture (people began to grow
crops),
animal domestication (people began to raise animals),
and the adoption of permanent settlements (people
began to stay in one area).

During this period in the development of

technology is when metals were first used
regularly in the manufacture of tools and
weapons.

 Mining, smelting, and casting

became organized efforts.

Bronze Age Tools

The Iron Age

The Iron Age involved the adoption of iron

smelting technology. It generally replaced
bronze, and made it possible to produce
tools which were stronger and cheaper to
make than bronze equivalents. In many
Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the
last major step before the development of
written language. Also developed during
the Iron Age was a coin system.

Iron Age Tools

Ancient civilizations

It was the growth of the ancient

civilizations which produced the
greatest advances in technology
and engineering, advances which
stimulated other societies to
adopt new ways of living and
governance.

Ancient Egyptians

The Egyptians invented and used

many simple machines, such as
the ramp to aid construction
processes.

Ancient Egyptians
They were among the first to
extract gold by large-scale mining
using fire-setting, and the first
recognizable map. Egyptian paper,
made from papyrus, and pottery
was mass produced and exported
throughout the Mediterranean
basin.

Moving into current times

From ancient civilizations until now, there

have been many inventions, discoveries,
and development of technologies. Many
different cultures have had significant
impacts upon technological advances.
In current society, when man is faced with
a problem, he naturally searches for an
answer. If he can not find one, he will
create one using current knowledge.

Game
The mechanics:
Quick! say aloud what color you
see in every word, NOT the word
youread.

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Technology will get even better.
In the future, we could live like
how people in science fiction
movies did.

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Communication

Smartphones and
Internet

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND

Transportation

Google Driverless
Cars

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND

Transportation

Lexus Heartbeat
Car

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Health and medicine

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Health and medicine

Googles Calorie
Meter App

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Health and medicine
HIV Vaccine
Dengue Vaccine

TECHNOLOGY AND
BEYOND
Education

TECHNOLOGY AND BEYOND

Communication
Health and medicine
Transportation
Education
Entertainment

Future Effects of
Technology
Advantages of Technology
Advance communication
Transportation
Gathering information (students,
authorities)
Education
Entertainment

Future Effects of
Technology
Disadvantages of Technology
Cyber crimes
dependency
Job loss
Technology related diseases

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Zero-size Intelligence
Wearable Technology
Moon, Mars, More?
Neurohacking
Mass Data
Quantum Control
Nanotechology, Nanomed
Universal Translators
Driverless Car
Wearable Technology
Holograms

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Zero-size Intelligence
Zero-sized intelligence in computing
means packing a whole lot of brains in a
tiny, tiny package.
Ex: Intel Corporation

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Neurohacking
It is a form of biohacking
focusing on the brain and CNS.
Strictly speaking it is any method
of manipulating or interfering
with the structure and/or function
of neurons for improvement or
repair.

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Nanotechology, Nanomed
Nanotchnology is the
manipulation of matter on an
atomic, molecular, and
supramolecular scale.

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Mass Data

Technology To Look
Forward
Inventions
Neurohacking

Moon, Mars, More?

Mass Data
Quantum Control
Universal Translators
Driverless Car
Wearable Technology
Holograms