Early

Colonial
America
Lecture Slides and
Concept Questions

How to take notes for success in this class

Taking notes during a lecture like
anything else in an academic setting
takes practice
First tip, DO NOT WRITE DOWN
EVERYTHING ON THE SLIDES
The information that will make up the
majority of your tests are mostly
conceptual and about the larger
concepts not about specific dates or
figures
PPTs and Prezis will also be available
to you on our class Haiku site should
you want to go back for anything

How to take notes for success in this

class
Second tip, write down
information on the slides that fit
or answer the concept questions
I have given you these to key on
for a reason look for the answers
within the lecture
Ex.) How did Spanish

exploration negatively affect

Native American societies (be
specific) in the Americas?

How to take notes for success in this

class
Third tip, actually take notes
Why?
Things I key in on in class are
usually the more important
concepts
And sometimes just those I like
the most ;)

Be ready to share
With those around you
With the class as a whole

Participation points

Concept Questions
1. How did Spanish exploration negatively
affect Native American societies (be
specific) in the Americas?
2. What was the Columbian Exchange?
What was transferred from the
Americas to Europe? What was
transferred from Europe to the
Americas?

Spains Tribute Colonies Overview

Spanish conquest of Aztec and Inca shaped European interests in
Americas
Spanish colonizers capitalized on preexisting systems
Tribute and labor discipline
Tapped wealth of Mesoamerica and the Andes

Transferred their institutions to new lands

Municipal councils, legal codes, Catholic Church

Set in motion global transformation through intercontinental movement

Triggered hostile response by rivals (English and Dutch)

Spanish Gain Wealth

Cortes defeated Moctezuma and Pizarro
Encomiendas land grants given to conquistadors
Allowed them to claim tribute in labor and goods from native
communities

Mining discovery of precious metals increased value of grants

Zacatecas and Potosi important mining cities in Mexico & Andes
Metals traveled across Pacific to China (made into coins) for goods
(silk, ceramics, and spices)
Increased wealth of Spain & Catholic Church
Ultimately led to inflation

New Society Takes Shape

1500-1650 350,000 Spaniards migrated to Mesoamerica
and the Andes
2/3 were males
Many were tradesmen

1500-1650 250,000-300,000 Africans arrived

Racial mixture was widespread
Mestizos Spaniard-Indian
Mulattos Spaniard-African
Zambo Indian-African
Casta system developed over time reinforced by legal code that
differentiated amongst groups

New Society Takes Shape Cont.

Spanish initially congregated in cites
Gradually moved into haciendas (large countryside estates)
Led to regional networks of market exchange

Christianity
Spanish priests suppressed religious ceremonies, and texts
Converted natives en masse
North American Christianity Indigenous ideas and expectations
reshaped Church practices

New Society Takes Shape Cont.

1513 Spanish settle
Florida
Spanish mission system
in America hated by
natives.
In 1680 they revolted and
drove Spanish back to
New Spain.

Spanish Decline
England defeated the
Spanish Armada

The Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between
Europe, Africa, and Americas
New crops were introduced to Europe potato, maize
Horse had large impact on Indian life

In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased

Concept Questions
1. What was mercantilism?
2. Why and where did English
plantations grow in the
Americas?
3. What type of labor was used
on English plantations?
4. What was the significance of
Bacons Rebellion?

The Protestant Challenge to Spain

England began to build up its
navy in the 16th century
Outwork textile industry,
merchants bought wool and
sent it out to landless
peasants to weave into cloth
Mercantilism purpose was to
benefit the Mother Country
(England) by exporting more
goods than importing

English Plantations
Plantations in the Americas
grew as a result of increased
demand for sugar and tobacco
Brazils Sugar Plantations:
Very arduous labor, milling was
done on site
As Indian populations declined,
African slave labor was
introduced

Englands Tobacco Colonies

Jamestown: (1607)
Joint Stock Company (investors
shared in profits and losses of
colony)
Originally all men, hoped to gain
gold
Eventually, tobacco became a major
cash crop, but exhausted the land ->
encroach on Indian land
House of Burgesses first
representative government in US
(1619)

Englands Tobacco Colonies

The Indian War of 1622:
1/3 of Jamestown
population was killed by
Indian attacks, English
retaliated
Jamestown became a
royal colony in 1624
colonists had to pay
taxes to support the
Church of England

Englands Tobacco Colonies

Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in
Maryland:
Proprietor colony royal grant of land
granted by the King
Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649)
granted religious freedom to
CHRISTIANS only, particularly
Catholics
Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like
the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia

Plantation Life
The Caribbean Islands:
Like Brazil, these colonies
focused on sugar
production

Planation's grew in part,

due to the Headright
System:
Gave 50 acres of land to
someone who paid for an
immigrants passage
benefited the rich

Plantation Labor
Indentured Servitude:
In return for passage,
individuals would work 4-5
years, then could be free
of all servants died before
they became free
Used extensively in the
Chesapeake colonies in 17th
century

Plantation Labor
African Laborers:
Used more heavily in the
Caribbean originally (sugar)
Used more in the
Chesapeake due to
Bacons Rebellion and it
was cheaper than
indentured servants
Strict laws developed that
promoted racism and
regulated behavior of
blacks

Chattel Slavery
Virginia and Maryland 1660s
Legally defined chattel slavery

The status of the child would be

determined based on the
MOTHER and not the FATHER
Ran contradictory to English law
why?
Children born to slave owners and
slave mothers were automatically
slaves

Bacons Rebellion
Virginia
Gov. Berkeley did not allow
settlement past a line
In the west many famers were
underrepresented in the House
of Burgesses
Conflict between Natives and
westerners like Bacon
Bacon almost took control, died
suddenly

Bacons Rebellion Virginia

Demonstrated the tensions
created on account of a
surplus of landless
laborers and indentured
servants and a land
shortage
Greatly affected the lower
classes

Concept Questions
1. What groups settled New
England?
2. What were some of the early
New England colonies and who
were they settled by?
3. How were relations between
Native Americans and
Europeans in early New
England?

New England
The Pilgrims
Separatists that wanted to break
away from the Church of
England
Plymouths climate was not as
harsh as the Chesapeake
Representative self-government
was established

Puritans wanted to purify the

English Church, NOT separate
from it

New England Cont.

John Winthrop and
Massachusetts Bay:
Sought to establish a City Upon
a Hill
Believed in predestination
Church members had
tremendous power only ones
that could vote; not religiously
tolerant

New England Cont.

Roger Williams and Rhode
Island:
Advocated separation of
church and state, religious
toleration, and friendly relations
with Indians
Banished to Rhode Island by
Winthrop
No legally established church
in RI

New England Cont.

Anne Hutchinson:
Seen as a major threat to
Puritans
Challenged gender roles in
Church
Claimed to have direct
revelations with God
Banished from Mass. Bay
Colony

Puritanism and Witchcraft

Salem Witch Trials:
Hysteria throughout MA in late 17th century
Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed,
and middle-ages
Reflected religious and social tensions
Most of the accused were independent
which challenged Puritan society

After the hysteria ended, prosecution for

witchcraft declined
Many colonists started to embrace ideas
of the Enlightenment

New Englands Indian Wars

Puritan-Pequot War:
Pequots were allied with the Dutch,
had conflicts with English settlers
500 men, women, and children were
massacred by Indians, New England
retaliated harshly and gained land
Some settlers saw smallpox and
other diseases that decimated
Indians as doing Gods work (John
Winthrop)

New Englands Indian Wars

Metacoms War, 1675 1676:
Metacom (King Philip) was a
leader of the Wampanoags
Metacom was eventually killed
and Natives were rarely a threat
in New England after

Concept Questions
1. What was a proprietorship? Example of
one?
2. Who was William Penn and what was
different about his colony than other
English colonies?
3. Where was New France located and
why was it settled?
4. Where was New Netherlands located?
5. Why did New France and New
Netherlands struggle?

Imperial Expansion
Proprietorship royal grant
of land given to an individual
by the English Crown; Could
rule as wished, as long as it
was within English laws
The Carolinas:
South Carolina established a
strict racial hierarchy
Focused on growing rice

The Restoration Colonies and Imperial

Expansion
William Penn and Pennsylvania:

Believed in an inner light, Pacifists,

no paid clergy
Paid Native Americans for their land
Holy experiment toleration of many
religious groups
All could attain salvation, did not favor
predestination
Women had many rights in church
could become preachers, speak publicly

English Remake North America

New colonies established as
proprietorships
Leaders owned the land
Carolinas set up manorial
system

James II
Duke of York refused to allow
elected assemblies in New York
and ruled the colony by decree

New France
Expanded into the North
American interior (Canada)
Quebec was established as
a trading post (fur)
Established Jesuit priests
sought to convert Indians
Coureurs de bois French
fur traders

New France struggles to attract

colonists
New France
State policies discouraged
migration
Louis XIV barred Huguenots
(feared would gain control of
colony)
Remote and rugged terrain
Oppressive feudal system

New Netherland
New Amsterdam
(Manhattan) was a
small colony, but
engaged in significant
commerce
Like the French, the
Dutch traded furs

New Netherland struggles to attract

colonists
New Netherland
Country was too small to
support much emigration
Dutch migrants preferred
to take their chances in
Southeast Asia

Concept Questions

Concept Questions