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ANOVA
LEARNING GOAL
Interpret and carry out hypothesis tests for
independence of variables with data organized in twoway tables.
Interpret and carry out hypothesis tests using the
method of one-way analysis of variance.
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Note: One variable is displayed along the columns and the other along the
rows. Here, there are only two rows because gender can be only either
male or female. There are many columns for the majors, with just the first
few shown here.
Slide 10.2- 5
Two-Way Tables
A two-way table shows the relationship between two
variables by listing one variable in the rows and the
other variable in the columns.
The entries in the tables cells are called frequencies (or
counts).
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Solution: Note that the total of the row totals and the total of the
column totals are equal.
a. The rows show the variable survey response, which can be
either favor stricter laws, oppose stricter laws, or
undecided. The columns show the variable party affiliation,
which in this table can be either Democrat or Republican.
b. Of the 622 Democrats polled, 456 favored stricter laws. The
percentage of Democrats favoring stricter laws is 456/622 =
0.733, or 73.3%.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 10.2- 9
Solution: (cont.)
c. Of the 1,421 people polled, 788 favored stricter laws. The
percentage of all respondents favoring stricter laws is 788/1,421 =
0.555, or 55.5%.
d. Of the 569 people polled who opposed stricter laws, 446 are
Republicans. Since 446/569 = 0.783, 78.3% of those opposed to
stricter laws are Republicans.
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197
250
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0.3404
250 250
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 10.2- 16
250 85.104
250
250
We call this value the expected frequency for the number of
male business majors.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 10.2- 17
Definition
The expected frequencies in a two-way table
are the frequencies we would expect by chance if
there were no relationship between the row and
column variables.
Slide 10.2- 18
0.4476
250
250
We now find the expected frequency by multiplying the cell
probability by the total number of students (250):
142 197
250
111.896
250 250
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Slide 10.2- 19
Solution: (cont.)
The calculations for men
biology majors and women
biology majors are shown
below.
Expected frequency of men biology majors =
53
108
250
22.896
250 250
Expected frequency of women biology majors =
53
142
250
30.104
250 250
Slide 10.2- 20
Table 10.5 repeats the data from Table 10.3, but this time it also
shows the expected frequency for each cell (in parentheses).
To check that
we did our work
correctly, we
confirm that the
total of all four
expected
frequencies equals the total of 250 students in the sample:
85.104 + 111.896 + 22.896 + 30.104 = 250.000
Notice also that the values in the Total row and Total column
are the same for both the observed frequencies and the frequencies
expected by chance. This should always be the case, providing
another good check on your work.
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Solution: (cont.)
Vitamin C and cold:
220
220
220
220
105
220
105
220
115
220
115
220
120
220
100
220
120
220
100
220
= 57.273
= 47.727
= 62.727
= 52.273
Slide 10.2- 31
Solution: (cont.)
We now compute the chi-square statistic for the sample data.
Table 10.10 shows how we organize the work; you should
confirm all the calculations shown.
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