Professional Documents
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Houses
Detailed Analysis of District Heating Systems based on
Low Temperature Operation and Use of Renewable Energy
Defense for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
February 2015
Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
CONTENT OF PRESENTATION
Literature Review
Literature Review
SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES
Lystrup, Denmark
Heat Supply to:
40 terraced low-energy houses, each 87-109 m2
A communal building
Supply of 55 C to:
10 dwellings
He
at
L
os
s
80 C
Le
a
ka
ge
40 C
50 C
20 C
Industrial
Waste Heat
Waste Incineration
Plant
CHP
Solar Heat
Geothermal
Sources
Waste Heat of
Chillers
Possible Scalding or
Skin Burns
Dust Burning
Lower Air Speeds
Literature Review
Hypotheses
A detailed analysis of energy performance and of overall costs of lowenergy district heating systems can be used as a rational basis for
planning the use of low-energy district heating in areas in particular in
which low energy houses are built.
Literature Review
Literature Review
Article-Based Dissertation
RQ1
ISI-1: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Improving the dimensioning of piping networks and network
layouts in low-energy district heating systems connected to low-energy buildings: A case study in Roskilde,
Denmark. Energy 38 (2012) 276 290. 23 times cited in Scopus.
RQ1
ISI-2: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, A comparative study on substation types and network
layouts in connection with low-energy district heating systems. Energy Conversion and Management 64
(2012) 551561. 6 times cited in Scopus.
RQ2
ISI-3: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Effects of boosting the supply temperature on pipe
dimensions of low-energy district heating networks: A case study in Gladsaxe, Denmark. Energy and
Buildings 88 (2015) 324-334. New Publishment.
RQ1
N-ISI: Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, The exergetic, environmental and economic effect of the
hydrostatic design static pressure level on the pipe dimensions of low-energy district heating networks.
Challanges 4 (2013) 1-16, doi:10.3390/challe4010001. 1 time cited in Challenges.
RQ3
BC-1: Tol, Hakan brahim, Dincer Ibrahim, Svendsen Svend (2013) Determining the Optimal Capacities of
Renewable-Energy-Based Energy Conversion Systems for Meeting the Demands of Low-Energy District
Heating, Electricity and District Cooling - Case Studies in Copenhagen and Toronto. In: Ibrahim Dincer et al
(eds.), Progress in Clean Energy. Submitted to Springer, New York. Accepted to be Published.
RQ3
BC-2: Tol, Hakan brahim, Dincer Ibrahim, Svendsen Svend (2013) Regional Energy Planning Tool for
Renewable Integrated Low-Energy District Heating Systems: Environmental Assessment. In: Ibrahim
Dincer, Can Ozgur Colpan, Fethi Kadioglu (eds). Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming,
Springer, New York. 1 time cited in Google Scholar.
Conference Dissertations
ISI-1
ISI-2
ISI-3
ISIs
N-ISI
ISI-3
BCs
i.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Design of low-energy district heating system for a settlement
with low-energy buildings, 3rd International Symposium on Environmental Management, Oct 26
28, 2011, Zagreb, Croatia, pp. 166 171. 5 times cited in Google Scholar.
ii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Determination of optimum network layout for low-energy
district heating systems with different substation types, The Third International Renewable Energy
Congress, Dec 20 22, 2011, Hammamet, Tunisia, pp. 179 184. 5 times cited in Google
Scholar.
iii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Operational planning of low-energy district heating systems
connected to existing buildings, International Conference on Renewable Energy: Generation and
Applications, Mar 4 7, 2012, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates. 5 times cited in Google Scholar.
iv.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Nielsen, Susanne Balslev, Svendsen, Svend, Case studies in low-energy district
heating systems: Determination of dimensioning methods for planning the future heating
infrastructure, IFME World Congress on Municipal Engineering Sustainable Communities, Jun 4
10, 2012, Helsinki, Finland. 0 time cited in Google Scholar.
v.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Effect of design static pressure level on energy efficiency at
low energy district heating systems, Pacific Rim Energy and Sustainability Congress, Aug 6 9,
2012, Hiroshima, Japan, pp. 130 - 137. 0 time cited in Google Scholar.
vi.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Optimal dimensioning of low-energy district heating networks
with operational planning - Case study for existing buildings, 11th International Conference on
Sustainable Energy Technologies, Sep 2 5, 2012, Vancouver, Canada, pp. 113 - 122. 4 times
cited in Google Scholar.
vii.
Tol, Hakan brahim, Diner, brahim, Svendsen, Svend, Potential District Heating Systems with NonFossil Fuel Heat Sources For Low-Temperature Applications (As Abstract), 11th International
Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies, Sep 2 5, 2012, Vancouver, Canada. 0 time
cited in Google Scholar.
Literature Review
RQ1
ISI-1
SITE DESCRIPTION
SEMI-DETACHED SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES
Number of Houses
165
Low Energy House (Class I)
3 kW Space Heating
3 kW Domestic Hot Water
(120 l buffer tank)
32 kW Domestic Hot Water (without tank)
Static Pressure
10 bar
RQ1
ISI-1
RQ1
ISI-1
RQ1
ISI-1
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
1,617
Pressure Gradient in Pa/m
DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
RQ1
ISI-1
1,617
2,491
3,388
4,643
2,141
2,563
3,520
4,651
Pressure Gradient in Pa/m
DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
RQ1
ISI-1
OPTIMIZATION METHOD
8 bar
Decision Variables:
Pipe Diameters
Objective Function:
Min Heat Loss from DH Network
8 bar
Constraint Functions:
Max Allowable Pressure Loss
in each Route (8 bar)
8 bar
8 bar
8 bar
RQ1
ISI-1
-%3
-%14
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
BOOSTER PUMP
Booster Pumps
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
-%3
Reduction in Heat Loss
-%7
SUMMER CONDITION
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
DYNAMIC SIMULATION
Scenarios with Various Level of Heat Consumption
For 25, 50, 75% existance of consumers at the DH network
RQ1
ISI-1
ISI-2
Heat loss is higher in looped network than branched network with by-pass valves.
DTU Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark
RQ1
N-ISI
RQ1
N-ISI
RQ1
N-ISI
Literature Review
RQ2
ISI-3
Low-Energy District
Heating System
RQ2
ISI-3
SITE DESCRIPTION
DETACHED SINGLE FAMILY HOUSES
Number of Houses
780
Heat Demand [kW]
CS
FS
Space Heating
5.1
2.9
3.0
8.1
3.0
5.9
: DN14 DN32
: DN32 DN80
Single Pipe
: DN100 DN200
: 10 bar
: 8 bar
RQ2
ISI-3
Heat Supply
Storage Tank
(120 liter)
Space Heating
Domestic Hot
Water
RQ2
ISI-3
OPERATIONAL PHILOSOPHY:
BOOSTING SUPPLY TEMPERATURE
RQ2
ISI-3
RQ2
ISI-3
Without Boosting
With Boosting
Literature Review
RQ3
BCs
c
Ele
it
tric
ri d
ict
yG
st r
Di
oli
Co
ng
rg
ne
-E
w
Lo
i
yD
ict
str
n
ati
He
RQ3
BCs
Electricity Supply
Heat Supply
Cooling Supply
Electricity Input
Heat Input
RQ3
BCs
O&M
Salvage Cost
RQ3
BCs
RQ3
BCs
RQ3
BCs
RQ3
BCs
Literature Review
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
Employing of the methods in different case studies, and analysis of their
results led to various conclusions regarding how to design low-energy
district heating systems and how to determine the capacities of renewable
energy sources, all solution to the hypothesis.
The prevailing use of low-energy district heating systems can be seen as
being able to provide a win-win-solution to energy needs through
locally available and renewable or low-grade energy sources being used
to supply the energy for low-energy houses.
Vast various renewable energy sources with their ease to produce hot
water with several available technologies guarantee the security of
supply when a mixture of heat production from several energy sources is
considered.
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
Using simultaneity factors in determination of the heat load in each pipe segment
prevents overestimates of the heat load; Hence: heat loss and pipe investment
cost.
Once the pressure loss of the critical route is satisfied by the head lift
provided by the main pump station, the pressure losses of the other routes can be
up to the level of the pressure loss of the critical route.
Booster pumps can be useful by providing shorter sequences of head lift potential
to be considered as the upper limit for the routes of the network with the
optimization method.
Bypass valves in the end-nodes of a branched network may be best in sparselypopulated districts while a looped layout is best in densely-populated-districts.
Boosting of the supply temperature during peak periods can be considered as
applicable in two cases in particular, (i) the one being during the transition period of
the heat infrastructure schemes involved, where a replacement of the existing
region-wide heating systems present by low-energy district heating systems is
planned, and (ii) the other being to use it as the operational strategy of choice for
low-energy district heating systems.
The control philosophy of boosting the supply temperature in short-lasting peak
periods in the design stage avoids pipe dimensions that can be infered as overdimensioned with regard to the future condition (Low-energy conversion in existing
buildings there).
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
The economic parameters, in the PhD thesis took account of the specific
investment costs considered, together with the economy-of-scale, the
lifetime, operating and maintenance cost, and salvage value, all of
which has to be considered in economic analysis of an energy
conversion system.
The improvements in efficiency with use of multi-generation systems
brought the need of including other energy forms in the analysis, such as
those of electricity and of cooling.
The long-term energy storage systems that borehole systems represent
can be utilized for recuperating the leftover heat produced during the
summer period due to the extreme availability of such sources as
renewable energy.
There is a month-to-month variation in the energy production of various
energy conversion systems: this has to be involved in the optimization
method.
Literature Review
FURTHER STUDIES
One can investigate complex network structures involving both branched
and looped network layouts together.
Simultaneity measures are needed for various heat consumption
behaviours.
One can investigate using of boosting supply temperature for highheat-demanding consumers (such as hospitals etc.) in low-energy district
heating systems.
Designing new low-energy district heating systems for existing
housing area could be expanded further to include other indoor heating
systems, such as floor heating systems and various layouts for indoor
heating systems, installed in the existing house architecture.
Thermal storage on a medium-scale level (as compared with longterm energy options) could be a topic of investigation of interest.
The decision support tool can be expanded to a broader scope with
including further types of renewable sources, involving multi-input&multioutput polygeneration systems, and including thermal storage on a
medium scale.
THANK YOU!