Gases

I. Physical
Properties

9 (A) describe and calculate the

relations between volume, pressure,
number of moles, and temperature for
an ideal gas as described by Boyle's
law, Charles' law, Avogadro's law,
Dalton's law of partial pressure, and
the ideal gas law;
9 (B) perform stoichiometric
calculations, including determination of
mass and volume relationships
between reactants and products for
reactions involving gases; and
9 (C) describe the postulates of kinetic
molecular theory.

A. Kinetic Molecular
Theory
Particles

in an ideal gas
have no volume.
have elastic collisions.
are in constant, random, straightline motion.
dont attract or repel each other.
have an avg. KE directly related to
Kelvin temperature.

B. Real Gases
Particles

in a REAL gas
have their own volume
attract each other

Gas

behavior is most ideal

at low pressures
at high temperatures
in nonpolar atoms/molecules

C. Characteristics of
Gases
Gases

expand to fill any container.

random motion, no attraction

Gases

are fluids (like liquids).

no attraction

Gases

have very low densities.

no volume = lots of empty space

C. Characteristics of
Gases
Gases

can be compressed.
no volume = lots of empty space

Gases

undergo diffusion & effusion.

random motion

D. Temperature
Always

use absolute temperature

(Kelvin) when working with gases.

F
-459
C
-273
K
0

C 59 F 32

32

212

100

273

373

K = C + 273

E. Pressure

force
pressure
area

Which shoes create the most pressure?

E. Pressure
Barometer

measures atmospheric pressure

Aneroid Barometer
Mercury Barometer

E. Pressure
Manometer

measures contained gas pressure

U-tube Manometer

Bourdon-tube gauge

E. Pressure
KEY

UNITS AT SEA LEVEL

101.325 kPa (kilopascal)

1 atm
760 mm Hg
760 torr
14.7 psi

N
kPa 2
m

F. STP

STP
Standard Temperature & Pressure
0C
1 atm

-OR-

273 K
101.325 kPa

Ch. 12 - Gases
II. The
Gas Laws
BOYLES
CHARLES
GAYLUSSAC

A. Boyles Law

PV = k

P
V

A. Boyles Law
The

pressure and volume of a

gas are inversely related
at constant mass & temp

PV = k

P
V

A. Boyles Law

B. Charles Law

V
T

V
k
T

B. Charles Law
The

volume and absolute

temperature (K) of a gas are directly
related
at constant mass & pressure

V
T

V
k
T

B. Charles Law

E. Gas Law Problems

A gas

occupies 473 cm3 at 36C.

Find its volume at 94C.
CHARLES LAW

GIVEN: T V
V1 = 473 cm3

WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1

T1 = 36C = 309K

(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)

V2 = ?
T2 = 94C = 367K

V2 = 562 cm3

E. Gas Law Problems

A gas

occupies 100. mL at 150.

kPa. Find its volume at 200. kPa.
BOYLES LAW

GIVEN: P V WORK:
V1 = 100. mL
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
P1 = 150. kPa

(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V 2

V2 = ?

V2 = 75.0 mL

P2 = 200. kPa

Gases

III. Ideal Gas Law

A. Avogadros Principle

V
k
n

V
n

A. Avogadros Principle

Equal volumes of gases contain equal

numbers of moles
at constant temp & pressure
true for any gas

V
k
n

V
n

B. Ideal Gas Law

V
PV
k
=R
n
nT
T
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
3
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK

B. Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRT
UNIVERSAL GAS
CONSTANT
R=0.0821 Latm/molK
3
R=8.315 dm kPa/molK

B. Ideal Gas Law

Calculate

the pressure in atmospheres of 0.412

mol of He at 16C & occupying 3.25 L.

IDEAL GAS LAW

GIVEN:

WORK:

P = ? atm
PV = nRT
n = 0.412 mol
P(3.25)=(0.412)(0.0821)(289)
L
mol Latm/molK K
T = 16C = 289 K
V = 3.25 L
P = 3.01 atm
R = 0.0821Latm/molK

B. Ideal Gas Law

Find

the volume of 85 g of O2 at 25C

and 104.5 kPa.

IDEAL GAS LAW

GIVEN:

WORK:

85 g 1 mol = 2.7 mol

V=?
n = 85 g = 2.7 mol
32.00 g
T = 25C = 298 K PV = nRT
P = 104.5 kPa
(104.5)V=(2.7) (8.315) (298)
kPa
mol dm kPa/molK K
R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK
V = 64 dm3
3

B. Gas Stoichiometry
Problem
How many grams of Al2O3 are formed from
15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21C?

4 Al

3 O2

15.0 L
non-STP

2 Al2O3
?g

GIVEN:

WORK:

P = 97.3 kPa
V = 15.0 L
n=?
T = 21C = 294 K
R = 8.315 dm kPa/molK

PV = nRT
(97.3 kPa) (15.0 L)
= n (8.315dm kPa/molK) (294K)

Given liters: Start with

Ideal Gas Law and
calculate moles of O2.

NEXT

n = 0.597 mol O2

B. Gas Stoichiometry
Problem

How

many grams of Al2O3 are formed

from 15.0 L of O2 at 97.3 kPa & 21C?

3 O2
15.0L
Use stoich to convert moles
of O to grams Al O .
non-STP
0.597 2 mol 101.96 g
mol O2 Al2O3
Al2O3
4 Al

2 Al2O3
?g

3 mol O2

1 mol
Al2O3

= 40.6 g Al2O3

A. Daltons Law

The total pressure of a mixture

of gases equals the sum of the
partial pressures of the
individual gases.

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + ...
Patm = PH2 + PH2O

A. Daltons Law

Hydrogen gas is collected over water at

22.5C. Find the pressure of the dry gas
if the atmospheric pressure is 94.4 kPa.

The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to atmospheric

pressure and is a mixture of H2 and water vapor.

GIVEN:
PH2 = ?

WORK:
Ptotal = PH2 + PH2O

Ptotal = 94.4 kPa

94.4 kPa = PH2 + 2.72 kPa

PH2O = 2.72 kPa

PH2 = 91.7 kPa

Look up water-vapor pressure

on p.899 for 22.5C.

Sig Figs: Round to least number

of decimal places.

A. Daltons Law

A gas is collected over water at a temp of 35.0C

when the barometric pressure is 742.0 torr.
What is the partial pressure of the dry gas?

The total pressure in the collection bottle is equal to barometric

pressure and is a mixture of the gas and water vapor.

DALTONS LAW

GIVEN:
Pgas = ?

WORK:
Ptotal = Pgas + PH2O

Ptotal = 742.0 torr

742.0 torr = PH2 + 42.2 torr

PH2O = 42.2 torr

Pgas = 699.8 torr

Look up water-vapor pressure

on p.899 for 35.0C.

Sig Figs: Round to least number

of decimal places.